Triple exposure: Reducing negative impacts of climate change, blue growth, and conservation on coastal communities

Coastal communities are on the frontlines of three accelerating global change drivers, climate change, blue growth, and the expansion of area-based conservation, leading to a “triple exposure” scenario. Despite efforts to maximize social benefits from climate, development, and conservation, externally driven processes can converge to amplify vulnerabilities and inequalities. Pre-existing social injustices increase the sensitivity of affected individuals to change and limit their capacity to adapt or benefit from the interacting impacts of triple exposure. We argue that external implementors cannot effectively and equitably achieve climate, economic, and conservation goals without prioritizing social justice and building general resilience. We therefore recommend that implementors: (1) address root causes of vulnerability, namely pre-existing social injustices; (2) use participatory systems approaches to improve understanding of local contexts and potential consequences of proposed initiatives; and (3) leverage inclusive partnerships to facilitate collaborative design and implementation. These strategies—applied together and adapted to local contexts—can support well-being, justice, and resilience within coastal communities experiencing rapid change. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

We would like to thank the Science for Nature and People Partnership (SNAPP), for facilitating a convening space for many of the authors to discuss this work, and the members of the Coastal Outcomes Working Group for their ideas that helped shape this article. We thank all those involved in case studies for learning with us and helping the climate, development, and conservation community to evolve. We would also like to thank the reviewers whose input was critical in the development of this paper. This work is also a product of the Blue Justice Working Group funded by the synthesis center CESAB of the Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB; www.fondationbiodiversite.fr). D.A.G. J.B. and N.B. developed the main conceptual ideas for the paper with critical input from L.E. K.B. R.A.T. and N.C.B. S.J. S.M. S.L.M. N.B. C.K.W. N.C.B. J.N. R.A.T. D.B. and D.A.G. provided information from case studies for this work. N.L. V.B. and J.B. developed the figures and maps. D.A.G. J.B. N.B. L.E. K.B. and R.A.T. led the writing of the manuscript with input from all authors who provided critical feedback to shape the current manuscript. The authors declare no competing interests.