Pore Structure and Its Controlling Factors of Cambrian Highly Over-Mature Marine Shales in the Upper Yangtze Block, SW China

Highly over-mature marine shales are distributed worldwide with substantial resource potential, yet their pore structure characteristics and controlling mechanisms remain poorly understood, hindering accurate shale gas resource prediction and efficient development. This study focuses on the Cambrian Niutitang Formation shales in the Upper Yangtze region of South China. To decipher the multiscale pore network architecture and its genetic constraints, we employ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pore extraction and fluid intrusion methods (CO₂ and N₂ adsorption, and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry) to systematically characterize pore structures in these reservoirs. The results demonstrate that the shales exhibit high TOC contents (average 4.78%) and high thermal maturity (average Ro 3.64%). Three dominant pore types were identified: organic pores, intragranular pores, and intergranular pores. Organic pores are sparsely developed with diameters predominantly below 50 nm, displaying honeycomb, slit-like, or linear morphologies. Intragranular pores are primarily feldspar dissolution voids, while intergranular pores exhibit triangular or polygonal shapes with larger particle sizes. CO₂ adsorption isotherms (Type I) and low-temperature N₂ adsorption curves (H3-H4 hysteresis) indicate wedge-shaped and slit-like pores, with pore size distributions concentrated in the 0.5–50 nm range, showing strong heterogeneity. Pore structure shows weak correlations with TOC and quartz content but a strong correlation with feldspar abundance. This pattern arises from hydrocarbon generation exhaustion and graphitization-enhanced organic pore collapse under high compaction stress, which reduces pore preservation capacity. The aulacogen tectonic setting engenders proximal sediment provenance regimes that preferentially preserve labile minerals such as feldspars. This geological configuration establishes optimal diagenetic conditions for the subsequent development of meso- and macro-scale of dissolution pores. Our findings demonstrate that feldspar-rich shales, formed in a proximal depositional system with well-developed inorganic pores, serve as favorable reservoirs for the exploration of highly over-mature marine shale gas.