Unveiling horticultural excellence of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): A review

The Nelumbonaceae family pertains to some aquatic, perennial herbaceous plants. There is only one genus and two species, of which the lotus (N. nucifera) is one. From an economic viewpoint, especially in Southeast Asia, where its production has expanded tremendously, the lotus has immense horticultural, medicinal and ecological advantages. Recent investigative interest in N. nucifera has proliferated, giving rise to multiple studies dealing with its biological properties, genetic constitution and economic applications. This review correlates the findings from 87 studies published between 2010 and 2024, encoding the growing resurrection of lotus research. Over the last decade, the cultivation of lotuses has grown by 35 % through Southeast Asia, with the entire economic impact being over US$ 1.2 billion each year through ornamental, food and pharmaceutical uses. Progress in genomic studies led to the discovery of 36 drought-resistance genes and three pathways responsible for the conspicuous water-repellent features of the plant. Also, the evolutionary analysis has revealed 16 unique gene families unavailable in other aquatic plants, providing new avenues for the insight and study of its genetic diversities and adaptations. Despite these advancements, several challenges persist in lotus research. A key limitation lies in improving transformation efficiency and developing reliable regeneration systems, which are crucial for genetic modifications and biotechnological applications. Addressing these gaps will not only enhance the potential of N. nucifera as a model aquatic plant but also support its broader utilization in scientific and commercial fields. Future research should focus on optimizing genetic transformation techniques and expanding molecular studies to unlock the full potential of this valuable species. These advancements would significantly enhance the utility of lotus as a pivotal model in horticultural research.