VARIATIONS OF THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ARTEMISIA, CHILIADENUS IPHIONOIDES, TEUCRIUM POLIUM. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM JERICHO-PALESTINE | تباينات المكونات الكيميائية والأنشطة الدوائية لزيوت العطرية لنباتات الشيح , الجعدة والكتيلة من منطقة اريحا في فلسطين

The growing fascination with medicinal plants is primarily due to the perception that certain plants can treat various conditions without causing negative side effects. In our region, three common herbs, Artemisia, Chiliadenus iphionoides, and Teucrium polium, have been employed in several traditional treatments for a considerable duration. This study aims to examine the chemical compositions of the essential oils (EO) from Artemisia, C. iphionoides, and T.polium gathered in Jericho, as well as their antioxidant, antibacterial, antilipase, and anti-amylase properties. Essential oils were extracted from Artemisia, C. phionoides, and T.polium using hydrodistillation, with their chemical contents characterized subjectively and quantitatively via GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant efficacy of the essential oils was evaluated by inhibiting 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. The micro-dilution technique was employed to assess antibacterial efficacy. The anti-lipase activity was assessed utilizing p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB). The activity of anti-amylase was evaluated utilizing 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA). Seventeen chemicals were found in T. Polium, of which E-nerolidol (27.11%), geranyl acetone (23.26%), germacrene D (19.08%), β-caryophyllene (17.78%), α-caryophyllene (3.35%), and bicyclo germacrene (3.08%) as the major constituents. In C.iphionoides, 47 chemicals were found, comprising 98.81% of the total oil, with cresol methyl ether (52.93%), ethyl oct-2-note (14.36%), epi-cadinol (6.56%), 1,8-cineole (4.25%), and epi-α-eudesmol (3.66%) being the major constituents. Fifty-one chemicals were discovered in Artemisia, with 1,8-cineole (28.67%) as the predominant component, followed by trans-thujone (24.0%), cis-thujone (17.69%), camphor (12.76%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.34%). The essential oils of T. Polium, C. iphionoides, and Artemisia leaves exhibited notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 19.18± 0.34 µg/mL, 17.03± 0.59 µg/mL, and 35.00± 0.47 µg/mL, respectively. The 1:1 mixtures of Artemisia essential oil (EO) with C. iphionoides EO, Artemisia EO with T. Polium EO, and C.iphionoides EO with T. Polium EO showed comparable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 17.13 ± 0.70 µg/mL, 28.96 ± 0.16 µg/mL, and 18.47 ± 0.86 µg/mL, respectively, all of which are less effective than Trolox (IC50 = 4.3 ± 0.58 µg/mL).Artemisia essential oil and C. iphionoides EO exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 3.906 and 31.3 µL/mL and MBC values of 250.0 µL/mL. T.Polium had negligible antibacterial activity. The extracted essential oil demonstrated inhibitory effects on swine pancreatic lipase, with IC50 values of 534±0.19 µg/mL for Artemisia, 368.13±0.62 µg/mL for T.polium, and 931.58±0.91 µg/mL for C. iphionoides. The isolated essential oil demonstrated α-amylase inhibitory action with IC50 values of 569 ± 0.20 for Artemisia, 569 ± 0.20 µg/mL for T. Polium and 1550 ± 0.25 µg/mL for C. iphionoides.