Replace of the EPOST glyphosate with pre herbicides and application of different LPOST glyphosate rates for weed control in established vineyard | Zamenjava EPOST glifosta s s tretiranjem z izbranimi herbicidi pred kalitvijo plevelov in uporaba različnih odmerkov LPOST glifosta za uravnavanje plevelov v vinogradu

إنجليزي. Two-year field trials were conducted at two winegrowing districts (Kavadarci and Skopje in 2016 and 2017) to evaluate wheather oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin and flazasulfuron can replace early post-emergence (EPOST) application of glyphosate in established vineyard until its application in early summer period. The weed vegetation in vineyards in both years was consisted mainly of Chenopodium album L., Setaria viridis (L). Beauv., Papaver rhoeas L., Xanthium strumarium L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen and flazasulfuron efficiently reduced predominant annual weeds and S. halepense seedlings in 2017, but not in 2016. PRE herbicides, regardless year, had no significant effect on C. dactylon. Opposite, the efficacy of EPOST applied glyphosate was significantly lower in 2017 compared to 2016. LPOST glyphosate applied at 2.0 l ha-1 provided at least 94 % control of dominant annual broadleaf and grass weeds. LPOST application of glyphosate at 2.0 l ha-1 and glyphosate at 2.0 and 4.0 l ha-1 resulted in unsatisfactory weed control of predominant perennial S. halepense, and C. dactylon, respectively. LPOST glyphosate applied at 4.0 l ha-1 provided control of S. halepense by 84 % or more. LPOST glyphosate applied at 8.0 l ha-1 reduced the amount of S. halepense and C. dactylon at least 97 %. Grapevine yield of both varieties was not lower in all herbicide treatments in 2016 compared with 2017. However, yield in the PRE herbicide treatments fb 2.0 and 4.0 l ha-1 glyphosate was collectively 15-19 % and 17-19 % lower compare to PRE herbicide treatments fb 8.0 l ha-1 glyphosate and standard two applications of glyphosate, respectively for both years and districts. No impacts to grapevine growth were observed from PRE herbicide treatments at either district

السلوفينية. Dvoletni poskus je bil izveden v dveh vinogradniških območjih Severne Makedonije (Kavadarci in Skopje, 2016 in 2017) za ovrednotenje zgodnje poletne uporabe herbicidov oksifluorfena, pendimetalina in flazasulfurona kot nadomestilo kasnejše uporabe glifosata (EPOST) v ustaljenem vinogradu. Plevelno vegetacijo v vinogradu so v obeh letih poskusa sestavljale v glavnem naslednje vrste: bela metlika (Chenopodium album L.), zeleni muhvič (Setaria viridis (L). Beauv.), poljski mak (Papaver rhoeas L.), navadni bodič (Xanthium strumarium L.), mnogocvetna ljulka (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), divji sirek (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) in prstasti pesjak (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). Pendimetalin, oksifluorfen in flazasulfuron so učinkovito zavrli rast predvsem enoletnih plevelov in divjega sirka v letu 2017, in ne v letu 2016. PRE herbicidi niso imeli ne glede na leto nobenega značilnega vpliva na prstasti pesjak. Nasprotno je bil učinek EPOST uporabe glifosata v letu 2017 značilno manjši v primerjavi z letom 2016. LPOST uporaba glifosata v odmerku 2,0 l ha-1 je najmanj za 94 % zavrla dominatne enoletne širokolistne in travnate plevele. LPOST uporaba glifosata v odmerkih 2,0 in 4,0 l ha-1 je bila neučinkovita pri zatiranju trajnih plevelov kot sta divji sirek in prstasti pesjak. LPOST uporaba glifosata v odmerku 4,0 l ha-1 je zavrla divji sirek več kot 84 % . Uporaba LPOST glifosata v odmerku 8,0 l ha-1 je zmanjšala zapljeveljenost z divjim sirkom in prstastim pesjakom za najmanj 97 %. Pridelek grozdja obeh sort se v letu 2016 ni zmanjšal zaradi uporabe herbicidov v primerjavi z letom 2017. Kljub temu se je pridelek pri obravnavanju s PRE herbicidi v odmerkih 2,0 in 4, l ha-1 glifosata skupno zmanjšal za 15-19 % in 17-19 % v primeri z obravnavanjem s PRE herbicidi v odmerku 8,0 l ha-1 glifosata in standa rdno uporabo glifosata v obeh letih in na obeh območjih. Na rast vinske trte ni imelo obravnavanje s PRE herbicid nobenega vpliva na obeh območjih.