The natural occurrence of toxigenic moulds and mycotoxins in Slovenian primary grain production | Naravna kontaminacija žit iz primarne proizvodnje v Sloveniji s toksigenimi plesnimi in mikotoksini

إنجليزي. The aim of the present study was to determine the contamination of grains, grown in Slovenia and used for animal diets by Slovene farmers in year 2009. A total of 66 samples was examined on toxigenic moulds from genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and on 8 different mycotoxins. The leading contaminants among moulds were from Fusarium spp., detected in 51 samples, mostly in barley (19). The average number of Fusarium spp. colony forming units (cfu) in different grains was from 5.5-23.3 x 103/g, whereas the contamination of barley with Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria spp. was 4.5, 19.3 and 5 x 103 cfu/g. Using liquid (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods, the presence of various mycotoxins (expressed for 12% of moisture content) was proved in 57.6% of all samples; mostly deoxynivalenol (DON, 54.5%) in concentrations of 130-2860 ?g/kg, followed by zearalenone (ZON, 15.1%, 70-800 ?g/kg), fumonisin B1 (3%, 120-210 ?g/kg), while fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxins were not detected. The results indicate that further control of toxigenic moulds and mycotoxins in Slovenian primary grain production is thus required and justified.

السلوفينية. Z raziskavo smo želeli dobiti vpogled v kontaminacijo žit, ki so jih kmetje v Sloveniji pridelali in uporabili za prehrano živali v letu 2009. Na toksigene plesni iz rodu Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in 8 različnih mikotoksinov smo preiskali skupno 66 vzorcev. Najbolj razširjene so bile plesni iz rodu Fusarium. Izolirali smo jih iz 51 vzorcev, najpogosteje iz ječmena (19). Njihovo povprečno število kolonij (cfu) je bilo v različnih žitih od 5,5-23,3 x 103/g, v ječmenu pa je bilo 4,5, 19,3 in 5 x 103 cfu/g kolonij plesni iz rodu Penicillium, Aspergillus in Alternaria. S tekočinsko (HPLC) in plinsko kromatografijo (GC) smo dokazali različne mikotoksine (rezultati so izraženi pri 12% vsebnosti vlage vzorca) v 57,6% vseh preiskanih vzorcev. Največ vzorcev je vsebovalo deoksinivalenol (DON, 54,5%) v koncentraciji od 130-2860 ?g/kg, sledijo zearalenon (ZON, 15,1%, 70-800 ?g/kg) in fumonizin B1 (3%, 120-210 ?g/kg). Fumonizinov B2, ohratoksina A, diacetoksiscirpenola (DAS), HT-2 in T-2 toksina nismo dokazali v nobenem vzorcu. Rezultati kažejo, da je nadaljnja kontrola toksigenih plesni in mikotoksinov v krmi iz primarne pridelave v Sloveniji vsekakor potrebna in upravičena.