Soil mesofauna diversity in agricultural systems of Slovenia using the QBS index and its modifications | Raziskava raznovrstnosti talne mezofavne v kmetijskih ekosistemih Slovenije z uporabo QBS indeksa in njegovih izpeljank

إنجليزي. Soil mesofauna plays a key role in maintaining soil health by supporting the decomposition of organic matter, nutrient cycling and the maintenance of soil structure. In this study of Slovenian agricultural ecosystems, we used four modifications of the QBS index, a soil biological quality index based on soil mesofauna. We compared diversity in arable fields under different tillage intensities, a strawberry field and an orchard, managed with either organic or integrated pest management methods (IPM). The results show significant differences in the mesofaunal communities in the soil. Minimum tillage promoted higher biodiversity, especially of Collembola, compared to conventional tillage. In fruit production systems, the ratio of Collembola to Acarina differed from that of arable fields, skewing in favour of Collembola, possibly related to the use of copper-containing pesticides in organic orchards and systemic herbicides in IPM systems. The QBS index values for soil health varied considerably between systems. Only QBS modifications considering the abundances of organisms (QBS-ab and QBS-a) were able to distinguish between different system-management groups. This study provides insights into the limitations of the originally proposed QBS-ar index to discern the effects of farming intensity on the soil mesofaunal community. Results suggest that minimum tillage and organic management practices can promote healthier soil ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of sustainable soil management for the promotion of soil biodiversity. Future research should aim to incorporate a broader range of agricultural practices and assign fauna to a higher taxonomic rank to further explain the effects on soil mesofauna diversity.

السلوفينية. Talna mezofavna z opravljanjem ekosistemskih storitev razgradnje organske snovi, kroženja hranil in vzdrževanju strukture tal igra ključno vlogo pri ohranjanju zdravja tal. V tej raziskavi slovenskih kmetijskih ekosistemov smo uporabili štiri različice QBS indeksa, ki so bile razvite za namen preučevanja mezofavne v tleh. Raznolikost te skupine živali smo preučevali na njivah z različnimi intenzivnostmi obdelave tal, v nasadu jagod in sadovnjaku, kjer se uporabljajo ekološke ali integrirane metode varstva rastlin (IPM). Rezultati so pokazali statistično značilne razlike v talni mezofavni preučevanih kmetijskih ekosistemov. Pri minimalni obdelavi tal v primerjavi s konvencionalnim oranjem je bila biodiverziteta višja, zlasti pri skupini Collembola. V sistemih pridelave sadja se je razmerje med Collembola in Acarina v prid Collembola razlikovalo od tistega na njivah, kar je verjetno povezano z večjo občutljivostjo Acarina na bakrove pesticide v ekoloških sadovnjakih in sistemske herbicide v IPM sistemih. Vrednosti QBS indeksa so se med sistemi razlikovale. Le QBS različici, ki upoštevata številčnost organizmov (QBS-ab in QBS-a), sta zaznali razlike med različnimi skupinami sistemov in načinov upravljanja. Ta študija kaže na omejitve prvotno predlaganega QBS-ar indeksa za zaznavanje vplivov intenzivnosti kmetovanja na mezofavno v tleh. Rezultati nakazujejo, da lahko minimalna obdelava tal in ekološko upravljanje spodbujata bolj zdrave talne ekosisteme, kar poudarja pomen trajnostnega upravljanja za spodbujanje biodiverzitete v tleh. Da bi lahko natančneje pojasnili vplive kmetijskih praks na raznolikost talne mezofavne, bi morali v prihodnje raziskave vključiti širši spekter kmetijskih ekosistemov ter določiti talne živali do višjih taksonomskih kategorij.