Optimization of Reclamation Measures in a Mining Area by Analysis of Variations in Soil Nutrient Grades under Different Types of Land Usage—A Case Study of Pingshuo Coal Mine, China

The development of reclaimed mine soils is normally spatially heterogeneous, making the fine management and utilization of reclaimed mined lands difficult. Soil nutrient grading can provide a scientific basis for the precise regulation of soil nutrients, but few related studies are available in reclaimed mined areas. This study aimed to quantify the spatiotemporal variations in soil nutrient grades under different land-use types in a reclaimed mined area on the Loess Plateau, China. The study area was graded by four soil nutrients (soil available potassium (SAK), soil available phosphorus (SAP), soil total nitrogen (STN), and soil organic matter (SOM)), and the variation features of soil nutrient grades in the initial stage of reclamation under four land-use types (i.e., cultivated land, grassland, forestland, and barren land) were systematically characterized by geostatistical analysis, pedodiversity analysis, and correspondence analysis. The results show that during the initial five years after reclamation, the soil nutrient grades of most reclaimed areas increased from Grade V and VI to Grade I&ndash:IV, while the improvements were significantly heterogeneous. Notably, the four land-use types had distinct variation characteristics. The barren land had the lowest SAP level, whereas it had the highest proportion, and medium&ndash:high grades of SAK, STN, and SOM (88.3, 100.0, and 100.0%, respectively). In terms of quantitative structure, it had the lowest richness index (S&prime:, 2.5) and Shannon&rsquo:s entropy index (H&prime:, 0.7) and the highest evenness index (E&prime:, 0.8). These results suggest that the barren land had relatively high and balanced nutrients, with the highest homogeneity among the four land-use types. The grassland had considerable improvement in all nutrients (especially SAP: 95.6% of the area had high SAP grades): however, its improvement was the most heterogeneous (S&prime: = 4.5, E&prime: = 0.7). As the second-most heterogeneous land-use type (S&prime: = 4.0, E&prime: = 0.8), the forestland had relatively low STN, SAP, and SAK levels due to high nutrient uptake and storage by tree species, but it had the highest proportion of area that reached high SOM grades (36.4%) and medium to high SOM grades (100.0%) due to its high community productivity. The cultivated land, which received fertilization for an additional three years, was the most imbalanced in terms of nutrients. It had the highest proportion of area that reached high SAP grades (98.0%): in contrast, its area proportions of low-grade SAK and SOM (69.0 and 32.9%, respectively) were the highest among the four land-use types. Based on the above comprehensive characterization of soil nutrient grade variation, guidance was given for fine management of reclaimed mined land and the optimization of reclamation measures.