Utilizing NF-κB Signaling in Porcine Epithelial Cells to Identify a Plant-Based Additive for the Development of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Vaccine
2025
Nguyen-Thanh Hoa | Haroon Afzal | Thu-Dung Doan | Asad Murtaza | Chia-Hung Yen | Yao-Chi Chung
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-&kappa:B) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses in epithelial cells. In this study, we established a porcine epithelial NF-&kappa:B reporter cell line (PK15-KBR) as an in vitro platform to screen plant-based extracts for their potential use as vaccine adjuvants against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The NF-&kappa:B inducers were further tested for toxicity assessments, either using CCK-8 assays or intramuscular injection in mice, finally followed by vaccination studies to evaluate their adjuvancy. Initial experiments confirmed that TNF-&alpha: effectively activated NF-&kappa:B signaling in PK15-KBR cells in a dose-dependent manner, validating the platform&rsquo:s reliability at Z&rsquo: value of 0.68. Of the 224 testers, 3 candidates, including chamomile, mulberry and Boerhaavia diffusa, showed induction activity: however, only chamomile induced a dose-dependent response in PK15-KBR cells. As a proof of concept, chamomile, used as an adjuvant in oral vaccination, demonstrated significantly higher IgG levels at an early stage (day 14, p <: 0.05) and enhanced IgA titers. These findings highlight the use of the PK15-KBR cell line in identifying mucosal adjuvants and position chamomile extract as a promising candidate for enhancing vaccine-induced immunity.
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