Green Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Ti Mixed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions
2025
Shamika P. W. R. Hewage | Harshica Fernando
Heavy metal contamination in water resources presents a significant environmental and public health challenge, with lead being particularly concerning due to its toxicity and persistence. This study reports the green synthesis of Fe-Ti mixed oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using dextrose as a green source and investigates their effectiveness in lead removal from aqueous solutions. The synthesized NPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, and BET analysis, revealing an amorphous structure with a high surface area (292.89 m2 g&minus:1) and mesoporous characteristics. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of mixed Fe3+/Fe2+ valence states in a Ti4+-rich framework, creating diverse binding sites for lead adsorption. The material exhibited optimal lead removal at pH 5, with adsorption following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 >: 0.99) and a Langmuir isotherm model (R2 >: 0.98). Maximum adsorption capacity reached 25.10 mg g&minus:1 at 40 °:C, showing endothermic behavior. The low point of zero charge (PZC, 0.22) and surface hydroxyl groups enabled efficient lead binding possibly through multiple mechanisms. Dose optimization studies established 6 g L&minus:1 as the optimal adsorbent concentration. The synergistic combination of iron&rsquo:s affinity for heavy metals and titanium&rsquo:s structural stability, coupled with environmentally friendly synthesis, resulted in a promising material for sustainable water treatment applications.
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