The Link Between Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Health: A Cross-Sectional Study with Multivariate Analysis in a Young and Predominantly Female Spanish Sample

Background: Physical activity and nutrition play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. This cross-sectional study analyzes the relationship between physical activity habits and dietary patterns in the Spanish population. Methods: Data were collected through validated questionnaires: the Nutritional and Social Healthy Habits scale (NutSo-HH) for nutritional and lifestyle habits and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire for physical activity distributed via social media from June to November 2024. Results: The sample included 1534 respondents (67% female), aged 18&ndash:65+ years, with diverse educational, income, and living conditions. Socio-demographic, nutritional, lifestyle, and physical activity data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests and Principal Component Analysis. On average, participants engaged in 96.7 min/week of high-intensity physical activity and 118 min/week) of moderate-intensity physical activity. While 75% met the WHO recommendations for moderate activity, only 40% reached optimal levels of high-intensity activity. Individuals engaging in higher levels of physical activity, particularly high-intensity exercise, reported better self-perceived health, lower obesophobia, and better body image. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between higher physical activity levels and the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish, while individuals with lower physical activity levels demonstrated a higher intake of ultra-processed and fried foods. Conclusions: The Principal Component Analysis revealed a bidirectional relationship between the alignment of healthy dietary habits and increased physical activity. These findings highlight the importance of promoting both physical activity and balanced nutrition to enhance overall health and lifestyle quality.