Pharmacological Challenge of Xylazine and Ketamine Following Repeated Doses of Arsenic in Duck Chicks
2025
Mahmood Mahmood | Qubad Mahmood
Arsenic trichloride (AsCl₃) is a highly toxic inorganic compound that adversely affects multiple organ systems, including the liver, kidneys, and brain. As a widespread environmental pollutant, arsenic poses significant health risks to both humans and animals, particularly poultry. Young birds, such as duck chicks, are especially vulnerable due to their developing physiological systems. Chronic arsenic exposure in poultry can lead to metabolic disturbances, organ damage, and impaired immune function, ultimately affecting growth, survival, and response to veterinary interventions.This study determined the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of arsenic trichloride in duck chicks, which was established at 6.53 mg/kg. Additionally, the research evaluated the impact of arsenic exposure on anesthesia induced by xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg). Arsenic exposure at doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg significantly prolonged the duration of anesthesia compared to lower doses (0 and 2 mg/kg), while the onset of anesthesia became significantly more rapid at 8 mg/kg. The percentage of birds exhibiting anesthesia also increased in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that arsenic exposure alters drug metabolism and neurophysiological responses, which could complicate bird anesthetic management.Understanding the effects of arsenic toxicity on anesthetic response is crucial for veterinary professionals working with poultry. This study emphasizes the need to consider environmental toxicant exposure when administering bird anesthetic agents to ensure safe and effective anesthesia. Additionally, monitoring arsenic contamination in poultry farming is essential to prevent long-term health consequences, optimize veterinary anesthesia protocols, and safeguard food safety.
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