A Study on the Optimization of Ecological Spatial Structure Based on Landscape Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Wensu County, Xinjiang, China

Ecological network construction has been widely accepted and applied to guide regional ecological conservation and restoration. For arid regions, ecological networks proposed based on ecological risk assessments are better aligned with the sensitive and fragile characteristics of local ecosystems. This study assesses landscape ecological risk in Wensu County, located on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in the arid region of northwestern China, and it further proposes an optimized ecological network. A multidimensional framework composed of the natural environment, human society, and landscape patterns was employed to construct an ecological risk assessment system. Spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) was applied to identify the spatial pattern of ecological risk. Morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) and a minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model integrated with circuit theory were used to extract the ecological sources and delineate the ecological corridors. The results reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in terms of ecological risk: Low-risk zones (16.26%) are concentrated in the southwestern forest and water areas. In comparison, high-risk zones (28.27%) are mainly distributed in the northern mountainous mining region. A total of 24 ecological source patches (4105.24 km²), 44 ecological corridors (313.6 km), 39 ecological pinch points, and 38 ecological barriers were identified. Following optimization, the Integral Index of Connectivity (IIC) increased by 89.04%, and the Landscape Coherence Probability (LCP) rose by 105.23%, indicating markedly enhanced ecological connectivity. The current ecological network exhibits weak connectivity in the south and fragmentation in the central region. Targeted restoration of critical nodes, optimization of corridor configurations, and expansion of ecological sources are recommended to improve landscape connectivity and promote biodiversity conservation.