Understanding gender responsiveness and the role of WSMTs in the governance of rural water infrastructure in Ghana

Abstract Gender mainstreaming in rural water infrastructure governance has gained global recognition for its role in promoting equitable and sustainable development. While prior studies have examined women’s involvement in water access and use, limited attention has been paid to their governance roles, particularly in operations and maintenance (O&M) of infrastructure in rural Ghana. This study addresses that gap by exploring how gender influences participation in rural water governance through Water and Sanitation Management Teams (WSMTs) in the Wa West District. Specifically, it asks: (a) How gender-responsive is the O&M of rural water infrastructure? and (b) What factors promote women’s participation in governance processes? Using a qualitative approach, we carried out in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 38 individuals drawn from five different communities. Thematic analysis revealed that WSMTs, chiefs, and assembly members are the primary actors in water governance, with women playing central yet often underrecognized roles, particularly in fault detection, daily operations, and logistical support. Key enablers of women’s participation include convenient meeting schedules, timely information-sharing, leadership opportunities, and targeted capacity-building initiatives. These findings highlight the significance of sociocultural and institutional dynamics in shaping gendered governance practices. Rather than merely advocating for numerical inclusion, the study emphasizes the quality and substance of women’s engagement. Therefore, the research contributes to environmental justice scholarship by demonstrating how inclusive governance practices at the community level can improve infrastructure sustainability. The study concludes by outlining implications for gender-responsive policy design and water sector interventions in rural Ghana and similar contexts.