Diagnóstico multicritério dos portos brasileiros: expansão para navios pós panamax e sustentabilidade | Multicriteria diagnosis of Brazilian ports: expansion for post-Panamax ships and sustainability

This research encompasses three investigations aimed at providing an overview of the situation of Brazilian ports in the face of the new challenges of modern navigation, driven by the expansion of ships and economies of scale. The first approach was to develop criteria to evaluate the infrastructure and the possibility of expanding and modernizing national ports. Five criteria were developed to evaluate the infrastructure in terms of maximum draft limitations, the possibility of expansion on land, the frequency of dredging, the availability of means of transport for cargo flow and the ease of access of ships to the port. The second approach analyzed whether the ports that ranked best in the application of the criteria also have the same performance in relation to environmental management and implementation of environmental programs. To this end, the Environmental Performance Index (IDA) developed and applied by Brazilian Maritime and Port Regulatory Agency (ANTAQ) was used. Finally, a geospatial multicriteria methodology based on map algebra was developed to identify feasible areas for proposing new ports that are suitable and prepared to receive post-Panamax ships. As a result, the application of the criteria identified that of the 210 national ports and terminals analyzed, 58 indicates a greater possibility of receiving and operating post-Panamax ships with modernization adjustments. However, the performance of the infrastructure is not monitored with the same interest for the implementation of environmental programs, and it was observed that programs that require greater financial investment with little return are those that present the greatest difficulty in implementation. Examples of indicators with the worst performance include the generation of clean and renewable energy and the supply of energy to ships. In addition, the indicators that are mandatory by law or that present some operational advantages are the ones most applied in ports, such as environmental licensing of ports. Regarding the proposed methodology for identifying areas suitable for receiving post Panamax ships, 11 areas were identified along the coast, of which two coincide with areas where there are already ports classified as suitable for modernization, namely the ports of Tubarão, Portocel, Barra do Riacho and Jurong shipyard. Findings also demonstrated the shoreline of the states of São Paulo and Paraná presents the highest repulsion for the new ports. This is a pioneering research project that is aligned with the 2030 Agenda, meeting Sustainable Development Goals 7 - clean and sustainable energy and 14 - life below water. However, considering Brazil is growing participation in foreign trade, and that the IDA has not undergone adaptations and adjustments compatible with the international scenario for 10 years, the results presented here create an opportunity for future research, such as the proposal of new contemporary environmental performance indicators aligned with current and future environmental concerns

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