Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Evolution of NLR Gene Family in Capsicum annuum

Capsicum annuum (pepper) is a globally significant Solanaceous crop vulnerable to devastating pathogens such as Phytophthora capsici. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) proteins are crucial intracellular immune receptors mediating effector-triggered immunity (ETI). This study presents the comprehensive genome-wide identification and analysis of the NLR gene family in pepper using the high-quality &lsquo:Zhangshugang&rsquo: reference genome. We identified 288 high-confidence canonical NLR genes. Chromosomal distribution analysis showed significant clustering, particularly near telomeric regions, with Chr09 harboring the highest density (63 NLRs). Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that tandem duplication is the primary driver of NLR family expansion, accounting for 18.4% of NLR genes (53/288), predominantly on Chr08 and Chr09. Analysis of promoter cis-regulatory elements (CREs) revealed enrichment in defense-related motifs, with 82.6% of promoters (238 genes) containing binding sites for salicylic acid (SA) and/or jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. Transcriptome profiling of Phytophthora capsici-infected resistant (C. annuum cv. CM334) and susceptible (C. annuum cv. NMCA10399) cultivars identified 44 significantly differentially expressed NLR genes, and protein&ndash:protein interaction (PPI) network analysis predicted key interactions among them, with Caz01g22900 and Caz09g03820 as potential hubs. This study elucidates the tandem-duplication-driven expansion, domain-specific functional implications, and expression dynamics of the pepper NLR family. It identifies conserved and lineage-specific candidate NLR genes, including Caz03g40070, Caz09g03770, Caz10g20900, and Caz10g21150. These findings provide valuable candidate gene targets for the development of molecular markers for pepper resistance to Phytophthora capsici.