Current perspectives of ACR3 (arsenite efflux system) toward the reduction of arsenic accumulation in plants
2024
Biswas, S. | Ganesan, M.
Arsenic is one of the most detrimental heavy metals on the planet due to its bio-accumulative and carcinogenic nature. In addition to humans and animals, it also has a hazardous foot print on agriculture. Arsenic in its inorganic form is readily bioavailable from water sources and taken up by the crop plants through phosphate transporters due to its structural similarity with inorganic phosphate. Bio-accumulation of arsenic in crop plants can lead to an arsenic-contaminated food chain and amplify manifold the hazardous effects of arsenic pollution. Apart from phosphate transporters, different aquaporins like Nodulin26-like intrinsic proteins, plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, tonoplast intrinsic proteins, and vacuolar transporters are responsible for arsenic uptake and accumulation in plants. To withstand a higher concentration of arsenic, bacterial and fungal systems use ArsB and Acr3 efflux transporter proteins, respectively, to pump out the arsenic from the cell. In plants, Acr3 (Arsenic Compound Resistance 3) efflux protein has been reported only in Pteridophytes to efflux arsenic from cells. In this review, we have discussed different transporters involved with arsenic uptake, translocation, sequestration, and efflux with special emphasis on Acr3. We have also explored the transgenic approaches performed with ACR3 to reduce arsenic accumulation in plants and discussed the future prospects of reducing arsenic from the food chain by lowering arsenic accumulation altogether from crop plants.
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