Legume-Based Rotations Reduce Cereal Yield Loss and Water Use to Enhance System Yield Resilience in Response to Climate Change

Climate change significantly challenges efforts to maintain and improve crop production worldwide. Diversified crop rotations have emerged as a promising way to adapt cropping systems and bolster food security under changing climate conditions: however, robust empirical evidence remains limited. This study evaluates the long-term performance of diversified crop rotations under future climate scenarios in the North China Plain via an 80-year scenario analysis (2020&ndash:2100) spanning three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs:126, 370, 585). The calibrated and validated SWAP (Soil&ndash:Water&ndash:Atmosphere&ndash:Plant)&ndash:WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) model simulated water consumption and yield. Sustainability indices were employed to assess the cereal yield stability and compensation effect to yield loss caused by climate change. The study compares the conventional winter wheat&ndash:summer maize rotation (WM) with two legume-based rotations: soybean&ndash:WM (S&ndash:WM) and peanut&ndash:WM (P&ndash:WM). The results indicate that, under all three climate scenarios, the two legume-based rotations reduced annual water consumption by 7&ndash:9%, maintained system economic equivalent yields with one crop less, and improved water productivity by up to 10%. Future climate change decreased cereal yields by 9&ndash:26% across all rotations compared to historical baselines. However, the two legume-based rotations showed a significant residual effect, increasing subsequent cereal yields by 9&ndash:14% over the conventional WM under all scenarios. Consequently, the legume-based rotations provided a 25&ndash:51% yield compensation. Additionally, these rotations improved the sustainable yield index and system resilience and reduced cereal yield variance under future climate scenarios compared to the more vulnerable WM. This study demonstrates that diversified crop rotations are a viable strategy to mitigate negative climate impacts. The study provides critical insights for policy-makers, supporting crop-rotation diversification as a core component of risk-reduction strategies to mitigate future climate change impacts.