Relevance. Currently, the use of secondary plant-orgin metabolites with high biological activity is becoming an important part of a comprehensive plant protection program. The mechanism of their action is aimed at activating molecular biological and physiological systems that increase the ability of the plant organism to withstand the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic nature. The purpose of these studies is to screen the selectivity of the physiological activity of phytoregulators in relation to different varieties of vegetable beans.Methodology. Plants of two mid-ripening varieties of vegetable beans were twice sprayed with solutions of plant biological products of different chemical composition, isolated from 12 plant species of different families. Control – treatment with water, standards - solutions of Pharmayod and Fitolavin. During the growing season, an analysis of the development of diseases of various etiologies on seed crops was carried out. Seed productivity of plants was taken into account after harvesting and threshing the beans, the sowing qualities of the obtained seeds were studied in accordance with the relevant recommendations and GOST 12042-80, and the biological effectiveness (BE) of the action of phytopreparations was calculated.Results. Two-fold treatment of beans with most of the tested preparations reduced the total percentage of affected plants by more than 25%. The protective effect of the studied glycosides differed significantly depending on their chemical structure, disease etiology and cultivar responsiveness. Among them, there are preparations based on steroidal glycosides - Moldstim and Mestim, which have the most pronounced immunomodulatory effect on the resistance of vegetable beans to phytopathogens. Treatment with Mestim in the selected concentration led to a decrease in seed productivity of plants. Other phytopreparations showed a neutral or stimulating effect on this trait, increasing the proportion of germinating seeds in the yield structure by 3-26% relative to control. The certain varietal specificity has been identified by the total effectiveness of the action. Irioid glycosides from Linaria genistifolia and the sum of iridoids and flavonoids from Linaria vulgaris showed the greatest activity on the responsive cultivar Lika. On the SiBemol variety, there is Moldstim, a steroidal glycoside of the furostanol series, isolated from Capsicum annuum. Their biological effectiveness was higher than that of Fitolavin and Pharmayod standards.

One of the most widespread and economically significant diseases of beet crop is phomosis also known as zonal spotting of beet. The disease causative agent affects plants at different ontogenesis stages; it leads to significant yield losses. The research was conducted to study the spread and harmfulness level of phomosis agent (Phoma betae Frank) in modern conditions of the Moscow region and to assess the resistance of linear beetroot material to this disease in vivo and in vitro. The work was carried out in 2017–2023 at the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow region, Odintsovo district). Phytomonitoring of the development of storage diseases has revealed an increase in the prevalence and aggressiveness of phomosis, especially in the period from 2020 to 2022, by 30% and 20%, respectively, compared to the previous period (2017–2019). The selection for resistance to phomosis was carried out under varying in vivo infectious loads in different research years. It resulted in reducing the number of susceptible lines from 14 to 4%. Immunological assessment of in vitro resistance of individual genotypes of selected lines to the most aggressive isolates of Ph. betae agent showed sufficiently high resistance compared to susceptibility standard 'Bordo odnosemiannaya'; the affected disc areas averaged 73 and 165 mm3, respectively. In the offspring of resistant genotypes selected after immunological evaluation, a decrease in phomosis prevalence (no more than 10%) and a change in the population structure, were observed: there was a shift of the main peak of distribution curves of root crops according to the intensity of disc damage by an aggressive isolate of Ph. betae towards resistant genotypes. Such an integrated approach resulted in obtaining three isogenic pairs of ms- and mf-lines (A and B) and eight paternal pollinator lines (C) of beetroot with stably high resistance to phomosis. They will be used to develop new hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility. | Одной из наиболее распространенных и экономически значимых болезней на культуре свеклы столовой является фомоз, возбудитель которого поражает растения на разных стадиях онтогенеза, приводя к значительным потерям урожая. Исследования проводили с целью изучения распространения и уровня вредоносности возбудителя фомоза (Phoma betae Frank) в современных условиях Московской области и оценки устойчивости к данной болезни линейного материала свеклы столовой в условиях in vivo и in vitro. Работу выполняли в ФГБНУ "Федеральный научный центр овощеводства" (Московская область, Одинцовский район) в 2017–2022 гг. В результате проведенного фитомониторинга развития болезней хранения отмечено нарастание распространенности и агрессивности фомоза, особенно в период с 2020 по 2022 гг., на 30 и 20% соответственно по сравнению с предыдущим периодом исследований (2017–2019). Отбор на устойчивость к фомозу вели в условиях различающейся инфекционной нагрузки in vivo в различные годы исследований. В результате удалось снизить число восприимчивых линий с 14 до 4%. Иммунологическая оценка устойчивости in vitro индивидуальных генотипов отобранных линий к наиболее агрессивным изолятам возбудителя Ph. betae показала их достаточно высокую устойчивость относительно стандарта восприимчивости сорта Бордо односемянная; объем зоны поражения дисков в среднем составил 73 и 165 мм3 соответственно. В потомствах устойчивых генотипов, отобранных после иммунологической оценки, отмечено снижение распространенности фомоза (не более 10%) и изменение в структуре популяций со смещением основного пика кривых распределения корнеплодов по интенсивности поражения дисков агрессивным изолятом Ph. betae в сторону устойчивых генотипов. В результате комплексного подхода получены три изогенных пары ms- и mf- линий (А и В) и восемь отцовских линий-опылителей (С) свеклы столовой со стабильно высокой устойчивостью к фомозу. Они будут использованы для создания новых гибридов на основе цитоплазматической мужской стерильности.