The ecologization of protected soil is currently one of the most important tasks of agricultural production, in this regard, for the vegetable growing of protected soil, the introduction of effective microorganisms into the substrate when growing plants in low-volume technology is of great interest. Biologics can enhance metabolic processes in the nutrient substrate and plants, plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions, increase plant productivity and improve product quality. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to analyze the effect of a complex of biological products on the agrobiological parameters of cucumber hybrids Mewa F1 and Valigora F1 on the 39, 67, 95 and 123 day of cultivation from the appearance of mass shoots. The research was carried out in conditions of high industrial greenhouses of the "Venlo" type, in the winter-spring turns of 2021 and 2022. The preparations were introduced into the tank mixture and fed to the plants through a drip irrigation system. Measurements of economically valuable indicators were noted weekly. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA methods were used for statistical data analysis.Results. When using biological products, a positive effect was noted on the growth and development of cucumber plants, as well as on the increase in leaf plate and leaf surface area (LAI). The dates of the onset of single and mass flowering of plants and single fruiting occurred earlier when using a complex of biological preparations for 1-5 days. When assessing the effect of the complex of biological products on the development of the photosynthetic apparatus, the positive effect of biological products on the area and index of the leaf surface on the 39, 67 and 95 days of cultivation was established. In addition, a significant effect of the complex on the increase in yield per m2 per turnover was revealed. In the conducted studies, the increase in yield was due to an increase in the weight and diameter of fruits. The total height of the plants and the weekly growth of the complex of drugs practically did not affect. A comparative analysis of the growth processes and yield of cucumber hybrids Mewa F1 and Valigora F1 when applying root fertilizing with a complex of biological preparations showed great effectiveness from their use.

Relevance. The use of chemical mutagenesis on garlic is relevant for the creation of new forms with stable characteristics, better biochemical qualities, increased yield, for use in breeding practice.Results. The reaction of garlic treated with two chemical mutagens was evaluated: DES (diethyl sulfate) – 0.025; 0.05 and 0.1% (mutants 2, 3 and 4), as well as DMS (dimethyl sulfate) – 0.02; 0.04 and 0.08% solutions (mutants 5, 6 and 7). The aftereffect of chemical mutagens was noted with low and medium variability of signs in the second–fifth generation. According to the low variability of 1.6–9.4%, the height of plants (samples M 3 and 6), the number of leaves (M 5), the height of the false stem (M 3), the diameter of bulbs (M 6), as well as the length of leaves and the weight of bulbs samples M 3, 5 and 6 were distinguished. The effect of mutagens on morphometric signs of garlic were also tracked in the second generation (re-growing from air bulbs), where the parameters of low and medium variability of signs are marked. The majority of samples on 7 signs reflected a low variability of 5.5–10.0% and only 2 mutants showed an average variability of 11.4–16.4%: M 6 in plant height and false stem and M 3 in bulb diameter and yield. The correlation between their value in the 5th generation and in the 2nd generation also revealed strong direct and average connections. High heritability of h2 signs = 0.74–0.99 for DES preparations – 0.05%, VMI – 0.02 and 0.04%, was the most important indicator of the selection of valuable signs.

Relevance. Onions in Russia in 2021: Cultivation area – 56.3 thousand hectares; Productivity – 28.6 t/ha; Production – 1608.6 thousand tons; Import from the volume of consumption – 10.7%. Modern varieties and hybrids and plant protection products make it possible to obtain high yields in the conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. The aim of the research is to optimize the parameters and terms of technological operations for the cultivation of onion in an annual crop on alluvial meadow soils of the Non-Chernozem Zone.Materials and methods. The nutrition system of onion plants was tested through distributed nitrogen application during the growing season: Option 1 – (N160P160K160) presowing – (Ca40N10 + K40N20 + K40N20) during the growing season; Option 2 – (N110P110K110) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) during the growing season. Experience in the use of the microbiological preparation Bisolbi-Plant (Bacillus pumilis) BIS88 together with the 1% humic preparation "Rostok" at a rate of one liter per hectare each to stimulate active growth.Results. At the end of the growing season in the second variant of the nitrogen experiment, the growing season was extended by 7-10 days. The excess yield under the second option for 2021-22 years of research amounted to more than 20.0 t/ha and is significant. The difference in the options for applying the Bisolbi-Plant preparation in 2.8 t/ha with HCP05 – 8.2 t/ha was not significant. The advantage of the variant with the biological preparation is higher plant density by 71.0 thousand units/ha and the absence of signs of bacteriosis. Thus, the distributed application of nitrogen (N110P110K110) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N40 + K40N40) during the growing season with irrigation water was significantly more effective than (N160P160K160) presowing + (Ca40N20 + K40N20 + K40N20) during the growing season. There was a tendency to increase the yield and quality of products with the double application of Bisolbi-Plant (BIS88) at a rate of (1.0 + 1.0) l/ha.

The vegetable growing industry in Russia is the main component of crop production, the development of which determines the basis of life and food security. Being the most important and indispensable products of plant origin in the human diet, for a Russian, vegetables are in third place in importance after bread and potatoes. However, according to Rosstat, the level of selfsufficiency in vegetables and food melons in the country is 86,3%, which implies the need to increase their production. To improve the situation in the vegetable growing industry, an important place is given to the issues of improving selection and seed production, since the variety and high-quality seeds are the main elements of modern zonal crop cultivation technologies. At the Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing, selection and seed production of vegetable crops is moving to an innovative development path, where, along with classical methods, modern methods are used: molecular marking according to the main economic characteristics, accelerated creation of homozygous lines using doubled haploid methods, plant immunity. In recent years, various methods of pre-sowing preparation of seeds have been developed to increase their viability and germination friendliness, to obtain even seedlings without harming the ecosystem. Based on the fundamental and priority applied research of previous years, in 2022, the creation of 17 varieties and hybrids of vegetable, melon and flower crops for all potential vegetable growing zones was completed. In order to provide the industry with pure-grade high-quality seed and increase the productivity of crops through the full use of the potential of the variety, the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing is constantly working in primary seed production. The developed zonal cultivation technologies will allow growing domestic products in various soil and climatic conditions of the country.

Vegetables play a key role in food security and nutrition as the food system shifts from food quantity to dietary quality and health benefits. One of the main reasons for the low production and declining average yields of most vegetable crops is climate change. Important limiting factors in maintaining and increasing vegetable crop yields are rising temperatures, reduced water availability for irrigation, flooding and salinity. Under changing climatic conditions, crop failures, declining quality and increasing pest and disease problems are becoming commonplace and making vegetable production unprofitable. Since many physiological processes and enzyme activity are temperature dependent, they will be greatly affected. Drought and salinity are two important effects of rising temperatures that reduce vegetable crop yields. These impacts of climate change also affect the emergence of pests and diseases, host-pathogen interactions, distribution and ecology of insects, timing of emergence, migration to new locations, and their ability to overwinter, all of which become a major barrier to vegetable production. To mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on the productivity and quality of vegetable crops, sound adaptation strategies need to be developed. Emphasis should be placed on the development of production systems that improve water efficiency and are adapted to hot and dry conditions. Technological practices, such as mulching with crop residues and plastic materials, help maintain soil moisture. Excessive soil moisture due to heavy rains becomes a serious problem that can be solved by growing crops in raised beds. An effective way to solve these problems is to create genotypes that are resistant to high temperatures, moisture, salinity and resistance to climatic conditions, using traditional and non-traditional breeding methods, genomics, biotechnology, etc.

Relevance. One of the most important tasks of agricultural production is to provide the population of the regions with vegetables at the expense of local production. Despite the social significance of the vegetable growing industry, its development in the Central Ciscaucasia at the present stage allows only half to meet the demand of the population. For the Chechen Republic, where the area of arable land is limited, the daikon (Raphanus sativus L. subsp. acanthiformis (Blanch.) Stankev.) Has a certain perspective, especially for cultivation in the summer-autumn period, after early harvesting of vegetables and field crops.Results. Under the conditions of the Chechen Republic, the maximum yield of root crops (29.0 t/ha) and marketability of 65% of the early maturing variety Sasha was obtained with a sowing time of 31.07 and a scheme of 35x10 cm. The highest yield of root crops of varieties Dubinushka, Dragon, Favorit was formed at a sowing time of 17.07 (58.1, 62.3 and 57.3 t/ha, respectively), and variety Moskovsky Bogatyr – at a sowing time of 3.07 (72.3 t/ha) at sowing scheme 70x10 cm.

Relevance. A mathematical model of the distribution of the leaf area of a cucumber plant has been developed. On this basis, it is possible to determine the area of the leaf surface of the plant without removing them from the plants. By measuring the minimum number of parameters: the length and width of the largest leaf and the number of leaves on the plant.Methods. We determined the area by two methods: using scales and by scanning the leaves in black-and-white image mode. We present here a step-by-step instruction on determining the area of the sheet in both cases: by weighing and by using graphic editor (program) for his scan file. The accuracy of determining the area is ± 2%.Results. We have developed and practically tested a system for mass determination of the area of cucumber leaves. It includes the development of a mathematical model of the distribution of leaf area by plants at the time of accounting. For practical use of the obtained formulas, it is enough to measure only three parameters on each plant: the number of leaves, the length and width of the largest typical leaf. A typicality criterion based on the ratio of the length and width of the sheet was proposed. The model coincides with the actual plant area with a typical distribution of ±5%. This allows two people to account for up to 500 plants in one working day. The proportion of plants with a typical leaf area distribution ranges from 90% at the beginning of the growing season to 80-85% at its end. This allows relatively accurate calculation of the total area in agrotechnical experiments at minimal cost. The leaves of the plant do not receive any impact and continue to grow at the same time.Conclusion. The developed method allows taking into account the area on the same plants repeatedly, at different phases of ontogenesis and in different periods of vegetation.

Timeliness. The prerequisites for the cultivation of bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) in industrial plantations have led to an increased demand for high quality planting material obtained by clonal micropropagation (in vitro). Studies have been carried out on the of ex vitro growing completion of cranberry plants using different mineral fertilizers and types of light under greenhouse conditions.Methods. Ex vitro plants of a selected form of cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) obtained using the clonal micropropagation technique were the objects of research. Experimental adapted cranberry plants were planted in 0.5 L containers in 'Veltorf' peat substrate with an acidity of at least pH 3.5-4.0, to which mineral fertilizers were added according to the variants: APAVIVA N15P15K15(S10) 0.08 and 0.16 g/L, Sulfoammophos N16P20(S12) 0.072 and 0.144 g/L, N12P52 0.1 and 0.2 g/L, control without fertilizer. The plants were placed under different types of light: under LED phytolamps (UnionPowerStar – 40W-T) with a photoperiod of 16 hours and under natural light (without the use of additional lighting) under greenhouse conditions.Results. It was found that during of the ex vitro growing completion of bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) plants in containers, the advantage of LED phytolamps was revealed, when using them in all experimental variants on the 42nd day of growing the morphometric indicators of plant development were almost 2 times higher than in plants grown under natural light. The type of mineral fertilizers and type light significantly influenced the total length of shoots (82.9±13.74- 107.4±35.95 cm vs. 58.6±20.92 cm in control) and leaf surface area (41.1±6.46-54.1±4.67 cm2 vs. 22.9±9.63 cm2 ). Conclusion. The results we obtained contributed to a better representation of the ex vitro growing conditions of bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) plants using different types of lighting (phyto-lighting with a 16-hour photoperiod and natural light – without adding additional light) and the selection of optimal doses of mineral nutrition. The best, under LED lighting, were N16P20(S12) at a concentration of 0.072 g/L and N15P15K15(S10) at a concentration of 0.16 g/L.

The VIR potato doublet collection maintained at the Polar Experimental Station, includes more than 300 intervarietal hybrids created by the branch’s employees. The work on obtaining and evaluating intervarietal hybrids was carried out in the conditions of the Murmansk region from 1985 to 1999. The source material was the doublet world potato collection VIR. We selected samples: 21/8516 and 15/881. Hybrid 21/8516 was obtained by crossing medium–early and early varieties (Isna × Khibinsky early); 15/881 – by crossing medium-late and early varieties (Krostar N × Khibinsky early). The authors of hybrids 21/8516 (conditional name “Severyanin” and 15/881 (conditional name “Katerina”) are: G.D. Melnichuk, E.M. Vasilyeva, S.V. Abakshina, From 2000 to the present, work is underway to maintain and reproduce these samples. The samples differ in early maturity and yield (46,0 t/ha – from the “Severyanin”; 37,8 t/ha – from “Katerina”), large tubers (tuber weight 98-100 g from the hybrid “Katerina”), good taste, resistance to stressful environmental conditions, environmental plasticity. They can be used in addition to those grown in the Murmansk region. Candidate hybrids are recommended for cultivation in the Murmansk Region in addition to existing varieties. Currently, work is underway to transfer these hybrids to state testing and to enter them into the register of potato varieties.

Relevance. Tomato is one of the most beloved and popular vegetables among Primorye residents. But in the monsoon climate, the Far Eastern Primorye has the most intense infectious background in Russia. The yield losses of tomato fruits from alternariosis annually amount to 30% or more. Losses from late blight on the background of epiphytotics in years with wet and cold summers, as observed in 2019, depending on the stability of the variety, can reach from 17 to 100%. Despite the fact that the development and use of biological means of control has recently been a priority, it is still too early to abandon chemical protection measures. High efficiency and versatility of the correctly selected scheme of application of fungicides, short processing time – all this gives a quick and reliable result in protecting tomato crops and reducing the harmfulness of the complex of diseases.Methodology. The research was carried out in 2019-2021 at the Primorsky Vegetable Experimental Station (PVES) – a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the monsoon climate of the coastal zone of Primorsky Krai. We studied the effect of chemical preparations Signum, Orvego and their tank mixture with igum + Orvego on the development of diseases, yield indicators and the structure of the tomato crop varieties Odyssey, and Fitilek. Agrotechnics of cultivation are generally accepted in Primorsky Krai for tomato culture.Results. Testing of chemical fungicides in the conditions of Primorsky Krai showed that the development of alternariasis, starting with the appearance of the first signs of damage in the first half of the growing season, effectively restrains the fungicide Signum, contributing to the preservation of the working leaf surface. It is advisable to use the tank mixture With igum + Orvego starting from the first or second decade of August, when a complex of phytopathogens develops on the leaf surface. The introduction of these two fungicides into the tank mixture leads to an increase in the biological and economic effectiveness of protective measures in the fight against alternariasis and late blight of tomatoes, compared with the standard fungicide Acrobat MC. Joint Signum Processing+Orvego, by reducing the intensity of disease development and the share of the non-commodity part of the crop, has a beneficial effect on the mass of commercial fruit and contributes to a more complete realization of the productive potential of Odyssey and Fitilek varieties.