Relevance. The main areas under vegetables, including onions, are located in the south of Russia. Inclusion of vegetables in the list of food safety products with a threshold value of 90% will significantly increase the responsibility of agricultural workers at all levels for the production and sale of vegetable products. The purpose of the research is to justify the feasibility and effectiveness of cultivating promising varieties and hybrids of onions during irrigation in the Lower Volga region to obtain yields of 150 or more t/ha of high-quality products.Methods. For the first time in the area of chestnut soils, comprehensive scientific research was conducted on resource-saving techniques to increase the productivity of a vegetable crop in an extremely arid climate by regulating the physiological and biological processes during drip irrigation, and a system was developed for applying these techniques. Research in the experiment was carried out according to generally accepted methods.Results. The most significant increase in the onion crop was obtained on the variants of the complex application of the studied agricultural methods and amounted, on average, for 2011...2016 with an irrigation regime of 75...75...75% of HB on the standard variety Volgodonets – 159%, relative to the control, on a promising hybrid Octant F1 – 118%, on the hybrid – 125%. With the regime of 70...80...75% of HB on the Volgodonets standard grade – 155%, relative to control, on the promising Oktant F1 hybrid 113%, on the Valero F1 hybrid – 115%. When calculating the cultivation efficiency of this crop, economic data were obtained, the value of which allows us to conclude that when planning the growth of onion production efficiency, agricultural producers are recommended to introduce agricultural technology with a profitability of 253.63%: promising hybrid Octant F1, irrigation mode – differentiated, background N450P180K135+Mortar+Energy-M. Against this background, in the context of research on the variety and hybrids, the maximum return on production costs is 3.2 rubles. An analysis of data on a combination of crop-forming factors showed that for onions when cultivating promising hybrids Octant F1 and Valero F1, when planning yields of 130 and 150 t/ha, it is necessary to maintain a moisture level of 70...80...75% HB, and when grown without fertilizers and when planning 110 t/ha it is enough to create a permanent irrigation regime.

The task set was to justify the feasibility and effectiveness of cultivating promising varieties and hybrids of onions during irrigation in the Lower Volga region to obtain yields of 150 or more t/ha of high-quality products. For the first time in the area of chestnut soils, comprehensive scientific research was conducted on resource-saving techniques to increase the productivity of a vegetable crop in an extremely arid climate by regulating the physiological and biological processes during drip irrigation, and a system was developed for applying these techniques. The most significant increase in the onion crop was obtained on the variants of the complex application of the studied agricultural methods and amounted, on average, for 2011-2016 with an irrigation regime of 75...75...75% of HB on the standard varietyVolgodonets – 159%, relative to the control, on a promising hybrid Octant F1 – 118%, on the hybrid – 125%. With the regime of 70...80...75% of HB the respective indicators were 155%, 113%, 115%. With reference to the cultivation efficiency of onions the profitability was 253.63%, input payback was 3.2 rub. It is recommended to introduce the agricultural technology: promising hybrid Oktant F1, irrigation mode – differentiated, background – N450P180K135+Mortar+Energy-M. An analysis of data on a combination of crop-forming factors showed that when cultivating promising onion hybrids Oktant F1 and Valero F1, when planning yields of 130 and 150 t/ha, it is necessary to maintain a moisture level of 70...80...75% HB, and when grown without fertilizers and when planning 110 t/ha it is enough to create a permanent irrigation regime./Стояла задача обосновать целесообразность и эффективность возделывания перспективных сортов и гибридов лука репчатого (ЛР) при орошении в условиях Нижнего Поволжья для получения урожайности 150 и более т/га высококачественной продукции. Впервые в зоне каштановых почв проводили комплексные научные исследования ресурсосберегающих приемов повышения продуктивности ЛР в условиях острозасушливого климата путем регулирования физиолого-биологических процессов при капельном орошении и разработали систему применения этих приемов. Самая существенная прибавка урожая ЛР была получена на вариантах комплексного применения исследуемых агроприемов и в среднем за 2011-2016 гг. при режиме орошения 75…75…75% НВ составляла на сорте-стандарте Волгодонец 159%, относительно контроля, на перспективном гибриде Октант F1 – 118%, на гибриде Валеро F1 – 125%. При режиме 70…80…75% НВ соответствующие показатели были равны 155%, 113% и 115%. С учетом эффективности возделывания ЛР (рентабельность – 253,63%, окупаемость производственных затрат – 3,2 рубля) рекомендовано внедрение в технологию комплекса приемов с: перспективный гибрид Октант F1, режим орошения – дифференцированный, фон – N450P180K135+ Растворин + Энергия-М. . Анализ данных по сочетанию урожаеобразующих факторов показал, что при возделывании перспективных гибридов ЛР Октант F1 и Валеро F1 при планировании урожайности в 130 и 150 т/га необходимо поддерживать уровень увлажнения на уровне 70…80…75% НВ, а при выращивании без удобрений и при планировании 110 т/га достаточно создавать постоянный режим орошения.

Relevance and methods. The article presents the results of research of various methods of basic soil preparation for melons planting for commercial purposes after a fish pond. The trial scheme covered the study of two variants: dumped tillage single-furrow plow (traditional), used to proceed in the farming unit, and sweep blade tillage with subsurface plow (proposed). In the course of scientific research there were determined agrophysical properties of soil, moisture content, contamination of crops (weediness), yielding capacity and profitability.Results. It was found that the lowest bulk density of soil of 1.12 and 1.15 t/m3 was in the layers of 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m after carrying out of the dumped tillage. When carrying out sweep blade tillage, the bulk density of soil of 1.17 t/m3 was obtained only in the upper layer of 0.0-0.1 m, in subsequent layers the value of bulk density of soil significantly increased from 1.44 (0.1-0.2 m) to 1.56 t/m3 (0.3-0.4 m). On average the indicators of natural soil moisture were in 1.2-1.3 times higher, and the deposit of moisture was in 1.1-1.5 times higher in the variant with subsurface plow treatment of the soil. For the melon crops cultivated according to traditional technology, there was a significant decrease in 1.8 times of the number of weeds and in 1.7 -times of their raw weight, compared with the proposed technology. The yielding capacity of melon of Lada variety was 43.9 t/ha according to the traditional technology, and 48.4 t/ha according to the proposed technology, profitability was 161.3% and 185.8% respectively.

There was determined the efficiency of various methods of basic soil preparation for melons planting for commercial purposes on soil recultivated after a fish pond. The trial scheme covered the study of two variants: dumped tillage single-furrow plow (traditional), used to proceed in the farming unit, and sweep blade tillage with subsurface plow (proposed). In the course of scientific research there were determined agrophysical properties of soil, moisture content, contamination of crops (weediness), yielding capacity and profitability. It was found that the lowest bulk density of soil of 1.12 and 1.15 t/m3 was in the layers of 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m after carrying out of the dumped tillage. When carrying out sweep blade tillage, the bulk density of soil of 1.17 t/m3 was obtained only in the upper layer of 0.0-0.1 m, in subsequent layers the value of bulk density of soil significantly increased from 1.44 (0.1-0.2 m) to 1.56 t/m3 (0.3-0.4 m). On average the indicators of natural soil moisture were in 1.2-1.3 times higher, and the deposit of moisture was in 1.1-1.5 times higher in the variant with subsurface plow treatment of the soil. For the melon crops cultivated according to traditional technology, there was a significant decrease in 1.8 times of the number of weeds and in 1.7 -times of their raw weight, compared with the proposed technology. The yielding capacity of melon of Lada variety was 43.9 t/ha according to the traditional technology, and 48.4 t/ha according to the proposed technology, profitability was 161.3% and 185.8%, respectively./Определяли эффективность различных способов основной подготовки почвы под посев дыни на товарные цели на почвах, рекультивированных после рыбоводного пруда. Схема опыта предусматривала изучение двух вариантов: отвальная обработка почвы (традиционная), принятая в хозяйстве, и плоскорезная обработка почвы (предлагаемая). Определяли агрофизические свойства почвы, содержание влаги, засоренность посевов, урожайность и рентабельность. Установлено, что самая низкая плотность сложения почвы 1,12 и 1,15 т/м3 была в слоях 0,0-0,1 и 0,1-0,2 м после проведение отвальной обработки. При проведении плоскорезной обработки плотность сложения почвы 1,17 т/м3 получена только в верхнем слое 0,0-0,1 м, в последующих слоях значения плотности сложения почвы существенно возрастали с 1,44 (0,1-0,2 м) до 1,56 т/м3 (0,3-0,4 м). В среднем показатели естественной влажности почвы в 1,2-1,3 раза, а запаса влаги в 1,1-1,5 раза были выше в варианте с поверхностной обработкой почвы. В посевах дыни, возделываемой по традиционной технологии, отмечено существенное – в 1,8 раза – снижение количества сорных растений и в 1,7 раза – их сырой массы, по сравнению с предлагаемой технологией. Урожайность дыни сорта Лада составила по традиционной технологии – 43,9 т/га, по предлагаемой – 48,4 т/га, рентабельность – 161,3% и 185,8% соответственно.

Relevance. In connection with the annual epiphytotic development of peronosporosis (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow. on cucumber and the absence varieties immune to this disease, it is advisable to create and cultivate precocious varieties and hybrids that can form the main part of the yield before the period of mass spread of the disease. In order to rationally use the cucumber gene pool long-term research of the world collection is carried out to search of sources of yield, precocity and resistance to peronosporosis.Material and methods. The studies were conducted at Volgograd Experimental Station of VIR (Volgograd province). The research material was 370 cucumber accessions from the world collection of VIR. Evaluation of accessions on a complex of signs was carried out according to methodical guidelines of VIR.Results and conclusions. Long-term study of cucumber accessions of various geographical origin showed that the duration of the interphase period "mass seedlings - the first harvest of fruits" did not differ significantly in samples of different geographical groups, most of them belong to the early ripening. It was found that the duration of the fruiting period depended on the degree of resistance of plants to peronosporosis: the higher the resistance of the variety or hybrid, the longer the fruiting period. A number of precocious, yielding hybrids and varieties, as well as samples with a long period of fruiting and relative resistance to peronosporosis, were allocated. The perspective material for the decision of separate problems in breeding of a cucumber is recommended.

В связи с ежегодным эпифитотийным развитием пероноспороза (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow. на посевах огурца и отсутствием сортов, иммунных к этому заболеванию, целесообразно создание и возделывание скороспелых сортов и гибридов, способных сформировать основную часть урожая до периода массового распространения болезни. В целях рационального использования генофонда огурца проводятся многолетние исследования мировой коллекции Всероссийского института генетических ресурсов растений (ВИР) по поиску источников урожайности, скороспелости и устойчивости к пероноспорозу. В Волгоградской обл. на Волгоградской опытной станции (филиале ВИР) за 19 лет изучено 370 образцов огурца из мировой коллекции ВИР. Оценку образцов по комплексу признаков проводили согласно методическим указаниям ВИР. Каждый образец оценивали не менее 3 лет. Многолетнее изучение образцов огурца разнообразного географического происхождения показало, что продолжительность межфазного периода "массовые всходы – первый сбор плодов" существенно не различалась у образцов разных географических групп, большинство из них относятся к раннеспелым. Установлено, что продолжительность периода плодоношения зависела от степени устойчивости растений к пероноспорозу: чем выше устойчивость сорта или гибрида, тем длиннее период плодоношения. Выделен ряд скороспелых, урожайных гибридов и сортов, а также образцов с длительным периодом плодоношения и относительной устойчивостью к пероноспорозу. Рекомендован перспективный материал для решения ряда задач в селекции огурца. | In the context of the annual epiphytotic development of peronosporosis (Pseudoperonosporacubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rostow. on cucumber and the absence varieties immune to this disease, it is advisable to create and cultivate precocious varieties and hybrids that can form the main part of the yield before the period of mass spread of the disease. In order to rationally use the cucumber gene pool long-term research of the world collection is carried out to search of sources of yield, precocity and resistance to peronosporosis. The studies were conducted at the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Breeding (VIR) in the Volgograd region at the Volgograd Experimental station under the VIR. For 10 years 370 cucumber accessions were studied from the world collection of VIR. Evaluation of accessions on a complex of signs was carried out according to methodical guidelines of VIR. Each accession was evaluated for not less than 3 years. Long-term study of cucumber accessions of various geographical origin showed that the duration of the interphase period "mass seedlings - the first harvest of fruits" did not differ significantly in samples of different geographical groups; most of them belong to the early ripening. It was found that the duration of the fruiting period depended on the degree of resistance of plants to peronosporosis: the higher the resistance of the variety or hybrid, the longer the fruiting period. A number of precocious, yielding hybrids and varieties, as well as samples with a long period of fruiting and relative resistance to peronosporosis, were allocated. The perspective material to solve some problems in breeding of a cucumber is recommended.