The aim of the present study to detect the population and frequency (%) of microorganism (bacteria, fungi and yeasts) in royal jelly samples. The data indicated that, there are no significant differences were remarked in the population of microorganisms between all the samples for bacteria, fungi and yeasts, where the mean number of population was 5.923, 1.38 and 7.85 colonies/sample for bacteria, fungi and yeasts respectively, in produced royal jelly from honeybee colonies, local royal jelly collected from Egyptian market and samples of imported royal jelly collected from Egyptian market, respectively. According to the isolation and identification procedures for detected royal jelly samples, four bacteria types (Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus wakoensis and Micrococcus luteus), two fungi types (Aspergillusniger and Penicillium sp.) and one yeast type (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were determined. The data also summarized that Clostridium botulinum was the most frequency compared with the other bacterial types, where the percentage of frequency was 1.8 – 2.5, 0.9 – 1.4, 0.4 – 0.6 and 1.5 – 2.0% for C. botulinum, B. cereus, B. wakoensis and Micrococcus luteus, respectively. Meanwhile, Penicillium sp. the most frequency compared with A. niger, where the percentage of frequency was 0.5 - 2.9 and 0.7 – 1.0 %, respectively, in produced royal jelly from honeybee colonies, local royal jelly samples collected from Egyptian market and imported royal jelly samples collected from Egyptian market respectively. Regarding the yeasts, the data also summarized that, S. cerevisiae was the most frequency in royal jelly that produced from  honeybee colonies (2.9%) followed by which local royal jelly samples collected from Egyptian market (2.1%) and imported royal jelly samples collected from Egyptian market (1.8%).

The aim of the present work to study the effect of foodtypes (sugar syrup fortified with Garlic (Allium sativum), Lemon (Citrus limon), Garlic plus Lemon), pollen grains and plain sugar syrup (1:1)) on contamination of honey with bacteria, fungi and yeasts. The data indicated that application of sugar syrup plus extracts of garlic, lemon, garlic plus lemon or bee pollen led to decrease population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts compared with control treatment (plain sugar syrup 1:1). The fungi were the least population in all the treatments compared with bacteria and yeasts, meanwhile population of bacteria were moderately and the yeasts were the most occurrence. Garlic plus lemon treatment was the most effective against population of microorganisms, but garlic and lemon separate were moderately effective and bee pollen treatment was the least effective compared with other treatments. According to isolation and identification procedures, three bacterial species (Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulism), four fungal species (Aspergillus apis, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp.) and three yeasts species (Debaromyces sp., Lipomyces sp. and Saccharomyces sp.) were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters. Cladosporium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria species, but Aspergillus apis fungus was the most frequency compared with other fungi species and Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with other yeasts.

This paper focuses on treated date seed with two cellulolytic bacteria (Acetobacter xylinum and Thermonospora fusca) isolated from sheep and evaluated these species by Invitro gas production and metabolism trail.  We evaluated the influence of many rations contain several percentage from date seed untreated and treated on In vitro traild for DM,OM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose disappeara (samples incubated for 24 hrs). the best ration used in metabolism trail . The experimental work was conducted in 2017, at the Department of Animal Production, faculty of agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and the experiment of the farm animals occurred in the Animal Production research institute.  Our results in this revealed that the ration content 25% untreated and treated with bacteria  had significant values on NDF, ADF and hemicellulose degradability after 24 hours, especially treatment 2 (Thermonospora fusca) of date seed. In  the experimental ration with ascending level of untreated and treated date seed  had not significant effect on pH value while more effect on total gas production (GP),ammonia, TVFA’s, MP, EMP and  metabolizable energy ME (Mcal/ g). The differences were significant (P<0.05) between control ration and other experimental  rations. Furthermore, ration content date seed treated (R3) had the highest values of DM, OM, CF and EE digestibility. It could be noticed that improving CP, CF and cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose) digestibility may be due to the increasing number of rumen cellulolytic bacteria. In conclusion, the bacterial treatment (Acetobacter xylinum and Thermonospora fusca) with date seed successfully to improve chemical compostion of date seed and Invitro digestiability specially ration contain 25% from total dry matter.  It showed that the strain (Thermonospora fusca) was  the best in In vitro fermentation . Digestibility indicated that ration contain treated date seed (R3) was high DM, OM, ADF and nitrogen than other rations.  It was concluded that treated date seed can replace concentrate in rations and improve In vitro degradability, digestibility trail and no effect on rumen and blood parameters without adversely affecting on helthy animals.

In the present study, two molecular biology tools based on DNA were compared in the differentiating between some microbial strains isolated from soil. Two types (16SrRNA and 18SrRNA) of ribosomal RNA genes were used for identification of the four bacterial and three fungal isolates, respectively. The identified microbial isolates were submitted in GenBank as strains of Escherichia coli MSL-19 (LC455952.1); Bacillus sp. MSLB-1 (LC455953.1); Bacillus sp. MSLB2 (LC455954.1); Bacillus sp. MSLB3 (LC455955.1); Penicillium sp. MLSP1 (LC455956.1); Aspergillus niger MLSAs1 (LC455958.1); Aspergillus sp. MLSAs2 (LC455959.1). The DNA obtained from the seven microbial strains was used as templates for RAPDPCR differentiating in the presence of eight random primers. Electrophoresis analysis was performed, and on scoring, the identity percentages between the bacterial and fungal strains were separately analyzed. A percentage of 82-83% was recorded between the E. coli and the three Bacillus strains, while, identities of 93-98% were recorded between the three Bacillus strains. Similar trend (90-96%) was observed between the Penicillium and Aspergillus strains. Results confirmed that identities based on the two ribosomal RNA genes (82-98%) was higher than that of RAPD-PCR (70.0-79.7%), and this is because of ribosomal RNA genes are in limited sizes (~1500-1600 bp) and specific for differentiating species, while RAPD-PCR tool depends on using some random primers could be recorded on the whole genome. The phylogenetic trees based on the two molecular  tools supported the obtained results. As a conclusion, tools of RAPD-PCR and ribosomal RNA genes were successfully used to identify and detect the genetic variability of microbial strains isolated from soil.

White coats worn by professionals in the medical field (students of health) or the work in the laboratory (students of Science), goal protect clothing from microbes.  In this study was determined the type of microbial contamination on the white coats and the potential risks of microbes. The study was done by a questionnaire for students and samples swabs of coats for 80 students from the Fac. of Health and Science. The results explained the presence of pathogenic bacteria causing inflammatory and dimples contaminated white coats, such as Erysipelothrio rhusiopathiae causing the h time skin, Micrococcus luteues causing chronic inflammatory skin ; bacterial meningitis and blood contamination unidentified Organism and Kocuria kristinae causing infections of the urinary tract infections, gallbladder and opportunistic bacteria and the spread of  nosocomial  infections, one of opportunistic pathogens. As well as  recorded  high proportion of serious fungi that cause various diseases and contamination of food such as Aspergillus niger ; Helminthosporium spp, Fusarium SPP, and Alternaria alternate . This study suggests that a large proportion of white coats may be a carrier of serious morbidity among female students in colleges is different, especially when not . There are laws and regulations in organizing wear these coats and the way to carry and learn how the daily cleaning of .

Among 20 bacterial isolates isolated from the soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia,two isolates had high efficacy in producing cellulase enzyme. They belonged to genus Bacillus (Bacillus 8 and 17). Some factors such as carbon source and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen source, pH and. incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that CMC and cellulose were the most effective as they enhanced cellulases production .Sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride were the best nitrogen sources for cellulases production. Initial pH 7.0 was found to be optimal for growth and cellulase production. Incubation temperatures at 25 - 40°C achieved high cellulases production by the two isolates.

Detergents are an undetectable source of pollution, which hidden in most of our daily activities. Detergents could cause harmful effects before they are completely degraded. It is wise to reduce the amount of detergents that usually used by invention new bio-friendly formula contains efficient enzymes such as protease. Screening studies were carried out for one hundred and fifty bacterial isolates with respect to their ability to produce protease(s), after growing on slaughter house wastes (SHW) isolated from EI-Khorma governorate,Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) at 55°C, and pH 9. The most potent thermophilic bacterial isolate concerning of alkaline thermostable protease(s) production was identified as Bacillus licheniformis EGT50. Alkaline thermostable proteases productivity by the most potent bacterial isolate was affected by substrate concentrations (solid substrate), carbon source, nitrogen source, amino acid supplements, incubation temperature, incubation period, and inoculum size. Maximum both enzymes production by B. licheniformis EGT50 was obtained on SHW concentrations, 7.5 %; galactose; diammonium hydrogen phosphate; arginine at 55°C for 72 h. when inoculated by 0.5 ml. The protease production under all optimal conditions was increased many folds from 563.68 to 17825 U/ml (31 fold). The purification fold of B. licheniformis EGT50 alkaline thermostable protease increased to 394.7 after applying Sephadex G200 column chromatography techniques. The enzyme productivity of protease has been determined and the result proved the possibility to use the crude and purified enzymes in biodetergent technology.