Cucumber production exposed to huge losses in Egypt and worldwide due to infection with Cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV). The current study focus on the impact of two Egyptian CMV isolates on metabolic and oxidative activities in cucumber plants. Two CMV isolates was obtained from cucurbitaceous crops and confirmed by DASELISA. Inoculated cucumber plants by infectious crude sap with two CMV isolates showed difference in external symptoms. The metabolic and biochemical components of cucumber plants were affected with two CMV isolates. The present study provided that, CMV infection caused a significant reduction in both photopigments and biochemical components while bioactive components (proline and phenol) and oxidative enzymes (POX, SOD, PPO and CAT) were increased significantly compared healthy ones. It was found that cucumberCMV isolate was more effective in metabolic and biochemical than Squash-CMV isolate.

This research aims to study the costs of rice multiplication in order to identify the various factors that led to the high costs of beating rice in recent years. The research relied mainly on primary data from the sample of the study collected through field visits and interviews to obtain the sample data Was selected, and a random sample was selected at the level of the provinces and then at the level of centers and then at the level of villages and the number of speculators in the sample of 25 peddles  distributed in the following areas three rackets in the center of Klin, Sheikh and eight rackets power center in Kafr El-Sheikh4  The problem is that there is an increase in the costs of the process of beating rice, which indicates the importance of studying the components of these costs in terms of different items and factors affecting them and the most important problems facing the industry and how to overcome them and thus Access to weaknesses and inefficiencies to raise the efficiency of this industry and propose the most appropriate solutions to improve the efficiency of this industry to achieve the lowest costs4

The study aims to assess the possibility of biological control on one of the most serious pathogenic microbes that found to infect Kariesh cheese, namely Salmonella typhimurium.  To achieve this object, firstly a total of 20 Kariesh cheese samples were collected randomly from various markets located at Cairo and exposed to microbiological isolation and identification of S. typhimurium. The obtained results revealed that, S. typhimurium was detected in 30% of surveyed market Kariesh cheese according to the strain identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Secondary, five sewage water samples were obtained from Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., and Shoubra EL-Kheima station of drinking and sewage water for specific bacteriophage isolation and morphology particles of Salmonella bacteriophage was examined by transmission electron microscope. Third, pasteurized skimmed buffalo’s milk was converted into experimental Kariesh cheese at 40oC by milk inoculation with 2% of freshly activated yoghurt bacterial starter culture and then milk was divided into 5 equal portions. The 1st portion considered as control. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th portions were contaminated with equal level (1%) of S. typhimurium suspension containing 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, previously isolated from foregoing surveyed Kariesh cheese samples, followed by adding phage suspension,  from which isolated from sewage water, containing 108 plaque forming units (PFU)/mL at the levels of nil, 1, 2 and 3% respectively. All portions were separately incubated at the same temperature up to curdling. The curds were cut and individually filled into stainless steel moulds lined with cheese cloth and consolidated by a slight pressure for 24 h. The blocks of curd were then cut, dry salted using 2% NaCl (w/w) and packaged into plastic containers.  Experimentally, there were proportional reductions in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population as the level of phage spiked into cheese milk increased, as which the reduction rate of LAB count during cold storage period (CSP) prolonging was however declined.    In terms of health safety, although the number of pathogen microbe added was gradually reduced due to the acid developed by prolonging the Cold Storage Period in the absence of phage, but it stilled present until the end of experimental period. While, the pathogen was completely eliminated within 7 days of cheese age when the phage suspension (108 PFU/mL) has been spiked at the level of 1% at least.  The contamination of experimental Kariesh cheese with S. typhimurium led to weaken the ability of cheese curd to drain whey as explained from the dry matter (DM) content which decreased due to the presence of pathogen and increased by the pathogen elimination with bacteriophage, which resulted also to increase the protein /DM content. The ash content reduced by both reasons, namely the contamination with S. typhimurium and/or the spiking level of phage suspension. The presence of S. typhimurium slowed the LAB population and acid production by them. Finally, as a conclusion, the spiking of Kariesh cheese milk with 1% Salmonella typhimurium phage suspension (108 PFU/mL) is quite enough to eliminate this microorganism when it present at the level of 1% suspension containing  105 CFU /mL.

The research aims at estimating production and economic efficiency through statistical estimation for the production and cost functions, and then to derive the economic derivatives of the production and cost functions, so that the researcher will be dealt with the research problem, namely, are the resources used in the production of summer tomatoes used efficiently or not?. The obtained findings of the research from the sample data indicate that the production is at the stage of increaseing the economics of scale. It was found that by increasing the used production inputs in the production by 1% of summer tomato, led to increases the productivity of the feddan by 8.2%, it is meaning that there is possibility to increase that productivity. The optimum size of the production obtained by equalizing the marginal costs against average cost, it was about 17.5 tons per feddan, which is lower than the average productivity in the research sample, which is about 21 tons per feddan. The maximum size of the profit, which was obtained by  equalizing the marginal cost of marginal revenue, it was about 13.7 tons per feddan. It is noticed that there were several problems which faced the interviewers of the selected sample, including the lack of information and guidance on the high-yield varieties, the quantity and quality of pesticides used to control pests.                                                 The net return per feddan of tomato in the sample of the research was about 23,152 thousand Egyptian pounds and it was found that the revenue of the invested Egyptian pound was about 41 piaster.     Research recommended that increasing the role of the agricultural guidance system in the delivery of technical information to guide farmers, especially in the field of rationalization of the use of pesticides and the direction of biological control, in addition to the selection of suitable hybrid seedlings to increase the productivity of the unit area and reduce the cost of production and increase net return. Provide the irrigation water, clearing of canals and sheds and removal of waste. Food production and food security are a matter of national security, Therefore, the question of re-supporting and subside farmers in providing agricultural production needs with high quality, time, price and appropriate place must be reconsidered.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the genetic differences in immunological response by use the natural growth promoters in diets offered to local chicken strains (GoldenMontazah (GM) and Bandra (B)). The present study was carried out in Seds Poultry Breeding Research Station, Animal Production Research Institute, Banysweif Governorate, through August to January (2016). A total of 240 chicks (120 hens of each strain) were used from 16 to 40 weeks of age. Birds were randomly distributed into six treatments. Each treatment had 20 (female) chicks (20X 6X 2) that were individually caged. The first treatment of each strain served as a control group and fed the formulated basal diet without any tested feed additives. The second treatment fed the basal diet with BioPlus® 2B, (400gm/ton) a commercial probiotic preparation (pro. (Bio)). The third treatment hens were fed the same basal diet with the addition of TechnoMos® (500gm/ton) a prebiotic type (pre. (Tech)).The fourth treatment fed the basal diet with Diamond V®(2.5kg/ton) a commercial prebiotic produced (pre. (Dia)). The fifth treatment fed the basal diet with FORMI® NDF (2kg/ton) (organic acid (FORMI)). The sixth treatment fed the basal diet with combination of (BioPlus® 2B, (400gm/ton) + TechnoMos® (500gm/ton) + FORMI® NDF (1kg/ton)) (combination (BTF)).  Data showed that, the Heterophils/Lymphocyte ratio percentage value was significantly higher in  Golden Montaza than Bandara. The highest value was found for organic acids (FORMI) group and the lowest value was found for probiotic (Bio Plus) group.  As for the antibody titer before vaccination the highest values were found for pre (Tech) group in comparison to pre (Dia) group. And there were no significant differences between the control group and all treated groups. Also, the higher values of antibody titer against Newcastle vaccine after vaccination were found in pre (Tech.), org ((FORMI), combination (Bio, Tech and FORMI) and control groups compare to values were found in pre (Dia) and pro (Bio) groups. As for the differences titer between before and after vaccination against Newcastle disease virus, there were no significant differences.

A field experiment was conducted in sandy soil at Ismailia Agricultural Research Station, (Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, in two successive winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The experiment aimed to study the response of lupine plants (Lupinus albus L.) variety Giza 2 to cyanobacteria applied with different methods under different nitrogen fertilizer rates and inoculated with rhizobia. Results revealed that application of cyanobacteria generally increased the mean values of nodules number, dry weight of nodules and shoot dry weight of lupine plants, nitrogen uptake, biological activity of the soil rhizosphere lupine plants, yield, yield components and seed protein content as compared to those recorded by the control treatment without cyanobacteria. Increasing nitrogen rates decreased the mean values of both nodules number and dry weight of nodules. On the contrary, increasing nitrogen rate up to 100% of the recommended one increased all the other tested parameters. The highest values of these parameters were recorded when cyanobacteria were applied as dry + soaking combined with 75 % N rate expect for those of number and nodules the dry weight of nodules that gave their highest values when the lupine plants received the treatment of dry + soaking combined with 50 % N rate. In conclusion, the use of cyanobacteria along with rhizobia as renewable nitrogen source for lupine production can save 25% N from that required for lupine.

he problem of research was the low level of the local production capacity of plant oils with the increasing of Consumption requirement so the research aimed to find a way to cover the gap of oil crops.    The main findings of the research are as  follows    - The area of oil crops decreased from about 1160 thousand feddans for the year 2001 to about 697 thousand feddans at the end of the first period by half, in addition to the continued decrease of cultivated areas of oil crops from about 718 thousand feddans in 2009 the beginning of the second period to about 470 thousand feddans in 2016 Second period of study. It was found that the area cultivated during the period (2001-2016) took a general decreasing trend and a statistical significance of about 49.33 thousand feddans annually, with a yearly average of about 5.96% of the total area of about 827 thousand feddans. - Peanuts, rice, maize and cotton are among the most important crops competing to soybeans and sunflowers in terms of the profitability of the invested Egyptian pound, which led farmers to refrain from growing soybean and sunflowers crops.  The statistical estimate of the supply response function of soybeans indicates that the most important factors affecting the cultivated area in the current year depend on the net revenue in the pre vious year. The increase of one pound increases the cultivated area of the crop in the following year by about 6 feddans in the following year. It is also shown that the cultivated area in the current year of soybean crop is directly proportional to the cultivated area of the previous year. On the other hand, area under cultivation is affected by soybean revenue in the current year, in turn, by increasing the net revenue of maize crop. The increase of one pound is due to the shortage of cultivated area of soybeans in the following year by about 4 feddans in the following year. This is consistent with the economic logic. - As for the estimation of the response function of sunflower crop, it was found that the most important factors affecting the cultivated area in the current year depend on the net revenue in the previous year, increasing it by one  Egyptian pound will increase the cultivated area of the crop in the following year by about one feddan. While the cultivated area with sunflower crop in the current year is adversely affected by the increase in the net revenue of maize and peanut. The increase of one pound is due to the shortage of cultivated area of the sunflower in the following year by about 7 feddan, 2 feddan in the following year respectively.  The correlation between the strength of imports as a dependent variable and both the local production and size of the oil gap during the period 2001-2016 shows that there is a significant inverse relationship between the strength of imports and total domestic production. This is consistent with economic logic. Size of the gap is positive and morally significant. Size of the gap is 1,000 tons, which increases the import force by about 0.24%.An Economic study of the production and imports situation for some oil crops in Egypt             Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., Special Issue, 26(2C), 2018   In the light of the obtained findings of the research, it is possible to recommend the following points: 1. Apply the contracting farming between farmers for the purchase of oily crops with the predetermined guarantee price for oil crops by the Ministry of Agriculture to cover production costs and achieve a profitable profit margin, encouraging farmers to expand the cultivation of these crops.  2. The need to increase the cultivated area of soybean and sunflowers crops in the new lands away from the competitive summer crops in the old lands. Besides intercropping these tow mentioned crops among the main crops. 3. Improve the competitiveness of soybeans and sunflowers crops with competitive crops, which can be achieved by providing producers with a high yield varieties and new hybrids.

Experiments carried out through 2016 revealed that a proper protocol for the in vitro propagation of Koronaki and Coratina olive cvs. as follows : Sterilization of stem node explants was carried out successfuly with copper sulphate at 50mg/l for Koronaki cv. And Ampicillin at 150mg/l for Coratina cv. both cultured on Olive medium.Multiplication on MS medium enriched with BAP at 1.5mg/l for both cvs.  Rooting of Koronaki on half sterngth OM medium enriched with IBA at 0.5mg/l and Coratina on half sterngth MS medium enriched with NAA at 0.1mg/l.  Acclimization of Koronaki plantlets derived from half strength OM rooting medium and acclimatized on peat : sand  (1:1) and Coratina plantlets derived from MS rooting medium and acclimatized on peat :sand : vermiculite (1:1:1).

Water resources are among the most important determinants of horizontal expansion in Egyptian agriculture. Given the scarcity of these resources on the one hand and the fact that they are relatively stable over time, the widening gap between supply and demand of those resources is increasing and the population is increasing and meeting their needs from various sectors. The problem of rationalizing water consumption and preserving its quality is an urgent national endeavor. As the Egyptian agriculture consumes most of the water resources, the problem of rationalizing the use of water in agriculture has become difficult to achieve in order to achieve the objectives of horizontal agricultural expansion. In this sense, the search for the most appropriate ways to exploit water resources has to be taken into account. The study aimed to identify the method of restructuring some of the irrigation systems in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate and the most important economic and environmental impacts it has caused in the study area through water transfer and distribution systems outside and inside the field through the canal and improved channels. With the aim of working on the best use of water as a rare economic element needs to rationalize its use over time, which helps to achieve the highest possible economic return and the lowest environmental loss possible and maximize the effects of economic and envir onmental positive and minimize the negative effects in areas developed irrigation systems.      It was also found that the net yield of cultivated acres of land using traditional surface irrigation amounted to about LE 5108, whereas in the land used, the surface irrigation developed was about 7258 pounds, an increase of about 2150 pounds, which is about 42.1% compared to land using traditional surface irrigation. It was found that the marginal income of the wheat crop cultivated in the land using traditional surface irrigation was about LE 3288, whereas the marginal income of the wheat Used for irrigation developer surface about 4227 pounds, an increase of about 939 pounds, with an average of about 22.2% compared Ppalarad used for traditional surface irrigation  and the net yield of cultivated rice fed in land using traditional surface irrigation was about LE 2270, while the ratio of land used for developed irrigation reached LE 4948, an increase of about LE 2678 representing about 117.9% compared to land using tradetional surface irrigation. For the rice crop of the land used for conventional surface irrigation was LE 1635, while the marginal income in land used for surface irrigation was LE 2282, an increase of LE 647, or 39.6% compared to land using conventional surface irrigation.  The increase in net income to average variable costs from about 71.94% for the rice crop cultivated in the land used for traditional surface irrigation was shown to be about 100.92% for the cultivated land used for advanced surface irrigation, an increase of about 29% at a rate of about 68.7 compared to land using traditional surface irrigation.

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp. hybrids) is a C4 grass used as a major source of sucrose. Invertase enzymes hydrolyse sucrose into hexose sugars reducing the production markedly. Soluble acid invertase role is always a case of discussion for having a major or minor role in the breakdown process in sink tissues. Bio-deterioration is another serious problem accomplishes the sucrose production, the delay between harvest and milling of sugarcane cause enormous depreciation in cane tonnage as well as sugar recovery. Beside another many factors, it was improved that both neutral and acid invertase present in cane stalk and both have tendency to increase after harvest. In the present study, sugarcane cultivar G.99/103, Saccharum  officinarium, was used to establish Inplanta transformation experiment for down-regulation of soluble acid invertase gene using siRNA application. The transgenic plants were examined chemically and genetically to estimate the percentage of silencing and its impact on the sucrose content. The enzyme activity showed reduction compared to control in most transgenic plants and consequently the decrease in expression level of soluble acid invertase increase the Brix value significantly in some of the transgenic plants.