Addition of whole cereal grains’ meal as a source of dietary fibers for the development of tarhana as a value-added functional food was the aim of this study. The effect of substituting wheat flour 72% (WF) with different ratios of whole wheat meal (WWM), oat flakes meal (OFM), whole barley meal (WBM) and mixed-cereal meal (OFM& WBM) on functional, rheological, color and sensorial properties of tarhana samples was determined. Whole cereal grains’ meal showed higher contents of protein, lipids, ash, crude fibers and total phenolic compounds in comparison to wheat flour (72%). pH values of tarhana samples were reduced from 5.22-5.89 to 4.81-5.09 after 72 h. of fermentation. The flow behavior index of tarhana soup samples ranged between 0.11-0.19, indicating the pseudoplasticity of tarhana samples. The higher value of consistency coefficient was recorded for OFM 50% sample followed by WWM 100% sample. Fermentation loss values of tarhana samples ranged between 7.12% for OFM 25% sample and 12.61% for mixed-cereal 50% sample. Substitution of WF in tarhana formulations with whole cereal grains’ meal reduced the yellowness of tarhana samples. Addition of different whole cereal grains’ meal significantly (p<0.05) improved water and oil absorption capacity of tarhana samples. Also, partial substitution of WF with OFM and mixed-cereal meal at ratio of 50% in tarhana recipe has significantly (p<0.05) increased foaming capacity and stability of the final product. The highest values of sensory parameters were observed in Tarhana soups prepared with OFM at ratios of 25& 50%, mixed-cereal meal at 50% and  the control sample. According to the results of this study, it is possible to partially substitute wheat flour with whole cereal grains’ meal in tarhana production in attempt to have a product combining the nutritional value of whole cereal grains and the health benefits of lactic acid bacteria.

Two experiments were carried out in the experimental farm of Al-Kanater Research Station at ElQalyubia Governorate, during the two consecutive years of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 to investigate the effect of potassium silicate foliar application on growth, productivity and some postharvest treatments on storability of garlic ((Allium sativum L.)" clone sids 40". In the field experiment, the treatments comprised of control(water spray),foliar application of potassium silicate at 4000, 6000 and 8000ppm and plants were sprayed at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. In the storage experiment, cured bulbs were stored at room temperature conditions and subjected to sixteen postharvest treatments included the previous four treatments (the three potassium silicate levels and control). In addition, three spraying treatments of sodium silicate at 6000 ppm, chitosan at 200 ppm and calcium chloride at 3000 ppm both separately and their combinations with potassium silicate (three treatments in field) were done.   The results revealed that, the highest plant length, number of leaves, fresh, dry weight\plant, neck diameter, bulb diameter and chlorophyll content of garlic were achieved from foliar application of potassium silicate at the 4000ppm after 120 days from planting compared to the control. Foliar spray of potassium silicate at 4000 ppm recorded the highest total yield and bulb quality such as bulb diameter, bulb weight/plant, number of cloves, cloves weight, total soluble solids and dry matter of bulbs. Leaf K percentage significantly increased by spraying of potassium silicate at 6000ppm.Further, all potassium silicate treatments recorded higher silicon percentage over the control.   Postharvest results showed that weight loss and shrinking percentages of the bulbs after 7 months of the storage were the least with the foliar application of potassium silicate at 8000ppm plus chitosan at 200ppm in storage followed by chitosan individually, potassium silicate at 8000 ppm and potassium silicate at 6000 ppm combined with calcium chloride as a postharvest treatment. However, the highest total soluble solids after 7 months of the storage was obtained from foliar spraying of potassium silicate at 4000 ppm combined with either sodium silicate or chitosan. Also, bulbs treated with foliar application of potassium silicate at 6000 or 8000 ppm combined with chitosan at 200 ppm, had the highest values of dry matter after 7 months from storage.  In general, foliar application of potassium silicate at 4000ppm was the superior treatment for enhancing plant growth, yield and quality. Also, foliar application of potassium silicate at 8000ppm and sprayed with chitosan at 200 ppm was the most effective for garlic storability seven months at the room temperature conditions.

Hydrolytic enzyme producing Trichoderma species have long been recognized as an agent for controlling plant diseases caused by various phytopathogenic fungi. A study was done to characterize four isolates of Trichoderma isolated from the rhizosphere of different crop plants to characterize and identify certain biocontrol related enzymes (β1,3-glucanase and chitinase). Morphological and molecular characterize action of antagonistic ability of Trichoderma species were studied. On the basis of morphological and culture characteristics, the Trichoderma isolates were identified as T. harizanum (1 isolate), T. viride (3 isolates). These isolates were tested against plant pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium   and Fusarium oxysporum). The best isolate producing chitinase (overproduction) was T. harizanum from (160 to 0.64) mg/ml. On the other hand the best isolate gave over production β-1; 3-glucanase over production was T. viride from (2250 to 2.20 mg/ml)

The drying industry for vegetable crops, especially the onion crop, is one of the most important food industries that achieve quality and safety of food in addition to open the doors of export. Germany is the main importer of Egyptian dried onions by 28.8% of the average total Egyptian onion exports with an average of 3448 tons as an average for the study period (2013-2017) .Followed by the Netherlands in the list of the most important importers of Egyptian dried onions with an average quantity of about 2816 tons, representing 23.5% of the average Egyptian exports of dried onions. Japan accounted for 9.2% of Egypt's total exports of dried onions with an average of 819 tons, followed by Greece, Belgium, Britain and Brazil respectively. The most important variables effecting on Egyptian dried onion were import price of Egyptian dried onion in the foreign markets and export pric es of the competing countries, as well as the average per capita income of importing countries, as well as their population. It was found that the study of external demand functions for the Egyptian dried onions were low price elasticity of demand (inelastic demand) for Japan. where, the increase in the price of Egypt's dried onion exports to Japan by 1% led to a decrease in the quantity of exports by 0.51% ,While the demand of the United Kingdom  was elasticity equal with unit , where, the increase in the price of Egypt's dried onion exports to the Kingdom by 1% leads to a decrease in the quantity of exports by the same percentage, while it was found that the demand for Egyptian exports of dried onions is flexible for the countries of the Netherlands - Brazil  Belgium, where the price of Egypt exports of dried onions by Ratio of 1% leads to a decline in the amount of exported quantity by 1.36%, 1.7%, 1.8% respectively

Two experiments were carried out under low polyethylene tunnels which furnished with drip irrigation during the two successive winter seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 at Elbrollous area which represents the circumstance and conditions of coastal zone of north Nile Delta kafr Elsheikh Governorate. The objective of the investigation was to find out the effect of grafting by different cucurbita rootstocks on cucumber hybrid "ESHRAK" (Cucumis sativus, L.) on vegetative growth, flowering, yield and fruit characteristics, beside nutrient contents of cucumber plants. Results showed that grafted cucumber plants on Super Shintoza led to significant increase in vegetative growth,i.e., stem length, number of leaves, number of branches and leaf area,fruit fresh weight (g), number of fruits, total yield were greater with grafted cucumber plants on Super Shintoza followed by grafted cucumber plants on cv. Ferro. However grafting had no significant effect on potassium % of fruit on both seasons. The highest total yield was obtained by grafting cucumber plants on Super Shintoza rootstock followed by grafting on cv. Ferro rootstock by 130 % and 73 %, respectively in the first season and 160% and 147 %, in the second season respectively as compared with ungrafted cucumber plants. Accordingly, this study ensured that the use of rootstocks were more beneficial than ungrafted cucumber in both tested seasons.

The problem of research is limited to how to rationalize the use of water in the agricultural sector under the current situation, such as the construction of the Nahdha Dam, which will affect Egypt's share of the Nile River. On the other hand, the increase in water demand, the misuse of water resources in Egyptian agriculture and the inefficient use of water resources Which is reflected in the return of the water unit.  The research aims at identifying the efficiency of water transport and delivery in Egyptian agriculture from its main source in the southern region of Egypt at Aswan until it reaches the fields in all the governorates of the Republic. The research aims in particular to study the development of irrigation water quantities and their losses in Egyptian Agriculture The amount of water used on the waste. The study showed that the average amount of irrigation water used in the field, at the completion of the canals, and in Aswan was about 36457, 41042 and 51515  million m3  respectively during the study period. In the study of the general trend of the development of irrigation water used in the field, when the canal was completed, and in Aswan during the study period, the increase of these quantities was estimated at an annual average of 96.38, 46.3  and 73.9  million cubic meters respectively. The average annual loss of water from Aswan to the field, from Aswan to the fins of the canals, and from the canal and field fillers reached 15057, 10477  and 4380  million cubic meters respectively during the study period. A study of the general trend of the development of water losses from Aswan  to the field, and from Aswan to the dams of the canals, showed that the water losses decreased by a statistically significant annual increase of about   21.9, 273.9  million cubic meters respectively during the study period. While water losses from canal and field fill increased by a statistically significant annual increase of 272.0  million cubic meters dThe results of the statistical estimation of the relationship between the quantity of water losses as a dependent variable and the quantity of water used as an independent variable during the period: .

Selenium is a trace element essential in animal nutrition and exerts multiple actions related to enhance animal production, fertility, immune response and antioxidant defense system of chickens. The aim of the present study is investigating the benefit effects of selenium nanoparticles (SEN) in-ovo injection on productive performance, express stimulate antioxidant defense system and immune response of hatched chicks.  A total of 210 broiler breeder eggs ( Habbard Star-Bro) were divided into three in-ovo injection treatment groups,( 0, 5 and 10 ppm SEN) and incubated. Hatchability traits , productive performance,  biochemical profile, antioxidant status and immune response of hatched chicks were estimated. Results indicated significant increase in HDLcholesterol, T3, GSR, GSH, IGA, IGM and IGG as affected by in-ovo inoculated SEN levels. However feed conversion ratio, triglycerides and MDA significantly decreased by in-ovo treatments. No significant alternations were recorded in hatched chicks weight, feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, carcass characteristics, and serum levels of protein fractions, cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, ALT, AST, ALP, uric acid, creatinine and glucose in in-ovo treated groups compared with the control one. It is summarized that, in-ovo inoculation of different levels of SEN can improve feed conversion ratio, lipid profile, antioxidants status and immunity of  broiler hatched chicks.

Seventeen bacterial isolates have been successfully isolated and purified from soil rhizosphere samples collected from different agricultural areas Buhayra, Sharqia and Alqilyubia of Egypt, and screened for production of chitinase enzymes had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. Isolate S3-C and S1-C were Identified by biochemical, physiological tests and 16s rRNA gene primer as Bacillus cereus S3C, Gene Bank NCBI accession MK185696 and Bacillus cereus S1C accession MK185697. The production of chitinase by B.cereus S3C and Bacillus cereus S1C was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1% colloidal chitin at 30°C after five days of incubation. B.cereus S3C had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested such as Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani Potato phytopathogenic fungi by in vitro antagonistic test. The addition of B. cereus S3C chitinase was more effective than that of B.cereus S1C in increasing the resistance of Potato plants infected with various Soil- borne phytopathogenic fungi.

Agricultural mechanization is considered one of the most important agricultural technological methods for making fundamental changes in the agricultural sector. Therefore, Egypt has worked on two main axes: horizontal and vertical expansion, using modern agricultural technology, which is one of the important tools of development in the agricultural sector because it has a positive impact on vertical expansion. The study aimed to review the current state of agricultural mechanization at Egypt level and the governorate of Sharkia governorate to find out the availability of modern agricultural machinery and equipment and study the relations of substitution and complementarity between these machines and each other and the relationship of these machines to the crop area and productivity of wheat in Egypt. The most important results were: The number is increasing of tractors, ploughs, shooters, seeders irrigation machines, hoe machines, pesticides sprayers, harvesters, threshing machines in Egypt and Sharkia governorate, The increase in the number of prisons in Egypt and the decrease in the Sharkia of seed dill, and the decrease in the number of transplanters in Egypt and Sharkia governorate. The relationships between agricultural machinery (tractors, ploughs, irrigation machines, hoe machines, pesticides sprayers, harvesters, and, threshing machines) are both linear and statistically significant. This means that there is a complementarity between these machines and each other, As well as relations between the agricultural machinery and the seeders, seed drill and transplanters where the relationship either be positive but they are significantly less  than the equivalent of other machines are either positive or negative, but not statistically significant and therefore it has nothing to do with the other.  There is no statistically significant relationship between the productivity of wheat in Egypt and Sharkia governorate and the machinery (tractors, ploughs, seed drill, hoe machines, harvesters, threshing machines). Decreased total average area per tractor for wheat crop in Egypt and Sharkia governorate. There was no statistically significant relationship between the average crop area for each tractor and the production of wheat crop in Egypt. In Sharkia governorate, the relationship is inverse and statistically significant. There is a statistically significant correlation between the average area per tractor for wheat yield in Egypt and the average area per tractor for wheat crop in Sharkia governorate. There was no statistically significant correlation between the number of tractors and the productivity and the average yield area per tractor for wheat yield for both Egypt and Sharkia governorate. The agricultural mechanization is still in its early stages, economic relations either do not exist or take different signals. The statistical significance of the development of the number of machines at Egypt level or the Sharkia governorate for the first strategic crop in Egypt is not proven. Hence, agricultural mechanization in its broad sense is the use of modern technology in increasing production Which has not yet been achieved and hopes and efforts are required to pursue better policies to achieve the desired goals