Study aimed to develop and evaluate the thermal performance of truncated pyramid solar cooker viz non-modified and modified. Tests have been carried out in Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shubra El-Kheima, Egypt (Latitude 30o11’ N, Longitude 31o24’ E). The solar cookers were not loaded, and loaded with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 liter of water. The modified truncated pyramid was filled with different quantities of rice. The thermal performance was evaluated by using first figure of Merit, second figure of Merit and energy efficiency. textural properties of rice and biscuits and cost analysis were measured. The absorber plate temperature of the modified was 51. 8 % higher than the absorber plate temperature of the non-modified cooker. The calculated values of first figure of Merit was 0.102 and 0.08 oC.m2/W with modified and non-modified truncated pyramid cooker types, respectively. The value of second figure of Merit was 0.239 and 0.523 for modified and non-modified truncated pyramid cooker, respectively.

Two pot experiments were carried out at the greenhouse of the Cotton Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent., Giza, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons to study the response of cotton plant to application of some nutrients to improve the performance of cotton plant under irrigation of saline water to increase growth, yield and yield components and fiber quality of Giza 90 cotton cultivar.  The experimental design was a split plot design with four replications. Main plots included saline water solutions treatments (control, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm), sub plot included four nutrients application (Potassium Humate, Algex, Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 and Potassein compared with control). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Irrigation with saline  water over seasons significantly decreased plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls /plant, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield per plant, fiber length, uniformity index, fiber strength and micronaire value,  while, lint % was significantly increased. Nutrients application had significant effect on growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties under study, All nutrients treatments gave the highest values of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties as compared with the control in both seasons. In general, plants sprayed with PEG gave the highest averages of plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant. Potassium Humate gave  the highest averages of yield and its components and fiber properties followed by plants sprayed with Algex, while the plants sprayed with PEG as came the last in these respect in both seasons. Interaction between irrigation with slain water and nutrients application by salinity tolerance inducers had a significant effect on plant height, number of fruiting branches per plant,  boll weight,  number of open bolls /plant, seed index, seed cotton yield /plant and fiber quality under study in both seasons. Plants treated with foliar nutrients under salinity condation scored the highest average of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties. Potassium Humate, Algex, PEG and Potassein applications to plants under normal and salinity conditions had positive effects on improving the performance of cotton plants, which increased plant growth and yield especially under salinity conditions.

The study aimed to identify an evaluation of pre-service training on the performance of agriculture Faculty students, Mansoura University in the transfer of extension knowledge to their peers in public health field. The data were collected from 504 students representing an accident sample from the second and third levels of the Faculty for determination of the training needs in public health field during the period from October to November 2016 by personal interview. A purposive sample of 12 students was chosen and trained to transfer extension knowledge, the highest needed field, to their peers during the period from September to December 2017.  Arithmetic mean, (t) test paired and (t) test for independent samples were used as statistical tools for analyzing data and deducing results. 1- The highest needed training field from the studied public health fields was smoking and addiction (52.58%). 2- The trained students who evaluated the training session exhibited a high level of satisfaction (87.7%). 3-  There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the knowledge degree  means of the students before and after the training program implementation related to knowledge transfer in the smoking and addiction field. 4- There were significant differences (P < 0.01 ( between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the trained specialist and non-specialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 5- There were insignificant differences between the knowledge degree means of the two groups which received knowledge from the non-trained specialist and nonspecialist students before and after knowledge transfer process in the smoking and addiction field. 6- There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two specialist groups which methodologically and non-methodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.  There were significant differences in the knowledge degree means between the two nonspecialist groups which methodologically and nonmethodologically received knowledge in the smoking and addiction field.

A considerable rhizopheric bacteria and mycorrhizae collectively known as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) have ability to induce acquire resistance in plant against pathogens and to provide benefits to their hosts. Grapevine viruses cause reducing yield and shortening the life span of infected plants in the vineyard. The current study aims to improve quality of Grape fan leaf virus (GFLV) infected grape plants via the soil inoculation with PGPM. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse during two seasons 2014/15 and 2015/16 in a Virology Greenhouse, Microbial. Dep. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt. Grape cv. Flam grafted with GFLV infected stick and cultivated in inoculated soil with rhizopheric PGPB and mycorrhiza (VAM). GFLV was detected in infected leaves by DAS-ELISA. Plant growth parameters and chemical immune acquired resistance were assessment in GFLV infected grape cv. flam. The results were clearly indicated that PGPM inoculation in soil improved of plant growth in the second season (2015/16) compared with first season (2014/2015(. PGPM (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Serratia sp. isolates and VAM) improved quality of GFLV infected grape plants via increased plant growth parameters (leave number, stem diameter, plant length, and phosphorus and potassium components in leaves). PGPM induced acquire resistance in plant against GFLV; it was found that, significant increase of proline and SA contents in GFLV infected grape  leaves compared as healthy ones. The results revealed that chlorophyll a; b and carotenoids were significant decreased while inoculated PGPM in soil showed significant increase compared with healthy control ones. Expressed proteins and resistance enzymes (POD and PPO) of antiviral proteins were significant increase in PGPM application of GFLV infected grape growth related no inoculated PGPM ones. So that the current study recommended that the combination among VAM and PGPB soil inoculation improved quality of GFLV infected grape plant under greenhouse conditions.

Silicon (Si) is an element, not essential, but is beneficial for some plants. The Freundlich model was used to describe Si adsorption on soil samples incubated with different Si and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Soil incubated samples were: T1 soil had no Si or P (control); T2, T3 and T4 soils contained 50, 100, and 200 mg Si L-1, respectively. T5 and T6  soils contained 50 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1 along with T7 and T8 soil  contained 100 mg Si L-1 in combined with either  7  or 10 mg P L-1. In final, T9 and T10 soil contained 200 mg Si L-1 in combined with either 7 or 10 mg P L-1. A series of adsorption experiments were performed using sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2O3Si.5H2O) solution prepared to have concentrations representing 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 mg Si L-1. The supernatant of Si concentration was determined. The amount of element adsorbed was calculated as the difference between applied element concentrations and that remaining in solution after equilibration. Adsorption isotherms were determined at room temperature (25 oC±1).   Results revealed that a positive trend was generally found; increases in amount of adsorption onto soil with increasing Si concentration and equilibrium concentration in concerned solution either applied separately or applied + initial available Si concentration in soil. The Freundlich equation provides a good fit to the sorption data for all incubated soil samples and R2 values were ranged from  0.82 to 0.97. Present study indicated that adsorption capacity value (Kf) decreased from T1 to T3 soil samples then increased at T4 sample, and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) values.   Moreover, adsorption of Si onto soil incubated with different Si concentrations in combined with P2 decreased as compared to P1. Opposite trend was obtained with equilibrium Si concentration in concerned solution. Also, present study showed that the higher values of Kf obtained in P1 soils (T5, T7 and T9), compared to Kf values of P2 soils (T6, T8 and T10), and intensity adsorption values (1/n) gave almost an opposite trend to that of capacity adsorption (Kf) in both P1 and P2 soils. Finally, large Si sorption capacity and low Si affinity for the surface sites were observed in soil incubated with high Si concentration compared to soil incubated with low ones.

Weeds are severely competition with wheat crop and it highly reduces crop yield. So, the present study was conducted on wheat cultivations during two seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 to evaluated phytotoxicity effects of some herbicides on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Effectiveness of these herbicides on weed control in wheat crop and yield evaluation and quality of wheat was evaluated as well after treatment by herbicides. The field experiment was carried out in agricultural experimental station of Etay El-barod, El-Beheira Governorate, using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates for each treatment and unweeded check, having two rates of both herbicide recommended and double recommended rates (R, 2R). Treatments comprised of post-emergence application of pyroxsulam, flumetsulam+ florasulam, tribenuron-methyl, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim. The results indicated an increase in wheat plant height with all herbicides used compared to unweeded check. Tribenuron-methyl and flumetsulam + florasulam treatments did not cause any visible phytotoxicity, while pyroxsulam, diclofop-methyl and tralkoxydim treatments recorded a low indexes of phytotoxicity on wheat plants which disappeared completely after 8 weeks from post application, compared to unweeded check. Results also, indicated that all herbicide treatments decreased weed density. Herbicide treatments achieved the highest weed control expressed in lowest fresh weight after 56 days from application for broadleaved, grassy and  total weeds. Herbicide treatments caused an excellent increase in yield attributes (spike length, biological and grain yield) and yield quality (weight of 1000 grains, total carbohydrates and crude protein) compared to unweeded check in both seasons. The maximum grain yield was recorded at two trials by pyroxsulam compared to unweeded check.

iesel engine, but most of it is operating manually, maintenance and repair centers mostly have used the manually device which depended on the hand of operator to operate it therefore there are inaccuracies in tests. The injector tester device was modified from manual operation to mechanical operation to achieve the uniformity of the injection pressure during the injector test, install of reading, save time and accuracy of testing. Injector tester before the modification was consisted of small fuel tank, pump, pressure gauge, handle pumping and connecting tube. The injector tester device after the modification was consisted of main frame, fuel tank, injection unit, power transmission and measuring table.  From the experiments the fuel consumption was increased with injector tester device before modification than device after modification that with three different injectors due to the regularity of the motion in the mechanical device, but the manual device that is dependent on operator and the irregularity of motion which cause irregularity of pressure. Also, the fuel consumption was decreased with injectors' faults. This is indicating of accuracy reading pressure with the modified devices compared with the device before modified. The results indicated for the important factors which effect on the regularity of injection pressure during the injector testing. The injection pressure for modifying tester device was 175 bar and fuel consumption was 0.73 L/h. The injection pressure  and fuel consumption for tester device before modification were 210 bar and 4.73 L/h respectively. The rate of reducing can be concluded by using the modified tester device for the injection pressure was 1:0.83 and for fuel consumption was 1:0.155 as compared with the manual tester.

Mill. on lime flower buds showed six annual population peaks of 13.3, 1.2, 1.8, 6.2, 2.8 and 3.4 in mid-May, mid-Oct., mid-Nov., mid-Dec., midFeb. and mid-Mar., respectively during 2015/2016 season. Five peaks of 13.5, 14.5, 1.8, 5.8 and 5.0 immature stages were observed on flowers in midApr., mid-June, mid-Oct., mid-Dec. and mid-Mar., respectively. On newly formed fruits, five peaks of 7.3, 0.4, 2.2, 1.8 and 2.4 immature stages were also recorded in the middle of June, Oct., Dec., Feb. and Mar., respectively. The general mean was the highest (11.3 immature stages) in June, while it was the lowest (0.0 immature stage) in Sep. The highest population density of P. citri was recorded in spring, followed by summer then winter and autumn. The seasonal mean was 4.1 immature stages in 2015/2016 season.   The same trend could be applied during 2016/2017 season. Six peaks of 12.8, 2.5, 4.0, 5.8, 3.3 and 4.6 immature stages were estimated on lime flower buds in mid-May, mid-Oct., mid-Nov., mid-Dec., mid-Feb. and mid-Mar., respectively. Mean numbers of P. citri immature stages on flowers also exhibited six peaks of 14.5, 2.8, 5.3, 7.2, 4.3 and 5.6 in mid-Apr., mid-Oct., mid-Nov., midDec., mid-Feb. and mid-Mar., respectively.  Six peaks of 5.8, 1.0, 1.8, 3.0, 1.5 and 2.4 immature stages were also found on newly formed fruits in the middle of May, Oct., Nov., Dec., Feb. and Mar., respectively. The highest general mean was 10.8 immature stages in May, while the lowest was 0.0  immature stage in Sep. The highest population density of P. citri occurred in spring, followed by summer then winter and autumn. The seasonal mean was 4.6 immature stages in the second season.

Biological experiments were carried out at Agronomy Seed Lab., Agronomy Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University and Ain Shams Center For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ACGEB, Genetic Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University during 2016/2017 season. Priming and its duration were investigated whereas different types of priming (hydro-priming, osmopriming and salt-priming) and different periods of each type (short- medium and long periods) were stuied. Newly harvested soybean seeds cultivar (Giza 111) were submitted from Field Crop Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC). It was found that type of priming enhanced germination percentage significantly from low performance of 40% to 51%, 68% and 75.5% for hydration, osmopriming and salt priming respectively. Extending exposing period to the longest period gave significantly maximum increment in seed germination. Maximum germination enhancement was achieved when calcium chloride solution was used for the longest period (48 hrs.) giving value of 96.0%. Such increment reached 140% as compared with control.  It was noticeable that increasing soaking period to the longest period examined in this investigation accelerated the rate of germination to a maximum level. Salt priming produced longest soybean seedling shoot when compared with control. Overall, for most results obtained in this trial,   seed primed with CaCl2 showed better perfor mance than those primed with water or PEG solution.  Seedling dry weight revealed a significant effect in a similar manner of seedling length. The longest exposing priming period showed a significant effect on seedling dry weight. Soybeans seeds proteins exposed to priming for all three periods used in this investigation varied from control, whereas number of protein bands on SDS gel increased from 10 bands separated on control pattern to 13, 11 and 12 for hydration treatment at periods of 6, 12 and 24 hrs., respectively. Also number of mono poly-uni. and unique bands varied as well as its intensive dye which reflect that amount of protein formed varied between treatments.  Considering exposing seeds to salt solution of CaCl2 for longest period (48 hrs.) less bands of separated protein were formed on SDS gel. Biological seed quality was assessed by extracting proteins on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas, all priming treatment at application periods caused on increasing in peroxidase activity compared to control (untreated seeds).  It was remarkably that the longest period of expose showed the highest peroxidase activity when compare to control and also for the short and medium exposing periods (6 and 12 hrs.). Also it was noticed that there were a unique diffuse band at the end of the lane, these bands were less intensive in staining color, meaning that their activities is less than those extracted from hydro-primed seeds for short and medium periods (6 and 12 hrs. respectively).  Seed esterase activity bands had two prolonged regions, these bands appeared as a diffuse bands. Esterase activity bands of PAGE gel showed less activity as subjected to all priming types at any period used in this investigation (long, medium and short) when compared to untreated seed (control). It was clear that increasing period of exposing seeds to priming reduced esterase activity since the intensive band diminished in their intensive color.

The research aims at estimating production and economic efficiency through statistical estimation for the production and cost functions, and then to derive the economic derivatives of the production and cost functions, so that the researcher will be dealt with the research problem, namely, are the resources used in the production of summer tomatoes used efficiently or not?. The obtained findings of the research from the sample data indicate that the production is at the stage of increaseing the economics of scale. It was found that by increasing the used production inputs in the production by 1% of summer tomato, led to increases the productivity of the feddan by 8.2%, it is meaning that there is possibility to increase that productivity. The optimum size of the production obtained by equalizing the marginal costs against average cost, it was about 17.5 tons per feddan, which is lower than the average productivity in the research sample, which is about 21 tons per feddan. The maximum size of the profit, which was obtained by  equalizing the marginal cost of marginal revenue, it was about 13.7 tons per feddan. It is noticed that there were several problems which faced the interviewers of the selected sample, including the lack of information and guidance on the high-yield varieties, the quantity and quality of pesticides used to control pests.                                                 The net return per feddan of tomato in the sample of the research was about 23,152 thousand Egyptian pounds and it was found that the revenue of the invested Egyptian pound was about 41 piaster.     Research recommended that increasing the role of the agricultural guidance system in the delivery of technical information to guide farmers, especially in the field of rationalization of the use of pesticides and the direction of biological control, in addition to the selection of suitable hybrid seedlings to increase the productivity of the unit area and reduce the cost of production and increase net return. Provide the irrigation water, clearing of canals and sheds and removal of waste. Food production and food security are a matter of national security, Therefore, the question of re-supporting and subside farmers in providing agricultural production needs with high quality, time, price and appropriate place must be reconsidered.