Two field experiments were carried out at El-Khroub experimental station, east of Constantine, Algeria, to evaluate the effect of N, P, K fertilization and their interaction on growth characters and yield of wheat grown on calcareous soil. The design of each experiment was split-split plot. Urea was applied as folier application to one experiment to evaluate the supplementel application of nitrogen under dry farming conditions. The results showed that the main stem height, number and height  of tillers and number of leaves were varried according to the levels  of  N, P, K fertilization as well as to presence or absence of urea., Straw yield significantly increased due to increasing nitrogen level and potassium fertilization in absence or presence of urea. However, grain yield was significantly increased either with increasing nitrogen level in absence of urea or with increasing phosphorus levels in absence or presence of urea. Straw yield was significantly affected by N * P interaction in absence or presence of urea and N * P * K when urea was applied. However, grain yield was significantly affected by N * P and N * P * K interractions in absence of urea application.

The agricultural policy in Egypt showed great importance for improving organic agriculture technology to produce clean and safe crops and foods. This will have positive economic and environmental response on human beings, animals, plants and soils. The present study aimed to clarify success opportunities for cultivating cotton, summer potatoes and wormwood under organic system in Egypt. The study made also a comparison between organic and chemical agriculture in sandy soils, by testing investment efficiency for organic agriculture in the sandy soils. The study states that total area of organic agriculture was about 26.3 thousand feddan in 2003, and this area is increasing at about 1941 feddan a year. These areas expected to be nearly 35 thousand feddan in year 2010. The economic production that realize the economic efficiency could not be obtained at least before 5-7 years to gain complete use from adding organic matter to sandy soil. The preference of organic agriculture over chemical agriculture is due to its advantage in enhancing mechanical soil properties and avoiding chemical pollution of agriculture. Another advantage of organic agriculture is to keep environmental balance of living organisms in soil and enhancing vertical agricultural increase in sandy soils to add indirectly new agriculture area to present agricultural land. The two criteria used in the study; net cash flow and cost/ benefit ratio indicated the advantage of organic agriculture over chemical agriculture for cotton, potatoes and wormwood crops. Meanwhile, the internal rate of return in case of chemical cropping was higher than that of organic agriculture for cotton and summer potatoes. This may be due to the great loss of nutrient elements occurred by leakage, and thus decreasing total benefit from adding organic matter in the first years of organic agriculture. The increase of the internal rate of return of the two crops organically cultivated in the sandy soils is an indicator for its economic

A sample of wheat grain var. Research-32, cultivated locally in the Republic of Yemen was treated and milled into flour of 72% extraction.  Main chemical components of the flour were determined, then the flour was portioned out to three sets.  Each set was made into dough with similar constituents except the type of fat, where Al-Kamaria ghee, Al-Mumtaz butter and Crude sesame oil were added to the first, the second and the third sets respectively. Three samples of each set with levels of 15, 25 and 35 % were prepared.  Rheological properties of the dough were tested and compared with those of dough samples made of SNABLE wheat flour, which were prepared and treated under similar conditions.  Physical and organoleptic characteristics of cookies made of both Research-32 and SNABLE flours were evaluated also.  Results indicated that concentrations of total protein and wet gluten in Research 32 wheat flour were found to be significantly (0.05=α) higher than those of SNABEL flour.  Though of their high values of water absorption and degree of stability, Research 32 dough samples were characterized with moderately low calculated proportional number, which indicates the suitability of Research 32 wheat flour for use in making cookies of good quality.  Statistical analyses of data obtained through testing physical and organoleptic properties of cookies made of Research 32 dough mix with 35% fat showed that cookies were found to be of high and acceptable quality among Yemeni consumers at 0.05 level of significance.

Flusilazole and triflumizole residues in apple fruits were chemically determined at different periods after spraying of these fungicides under field conditions. The obtained results indicated that, seven days after flusilazole application, unwashed apple fruits were found contained higher residues (0.322 ppm) than the allowed tolerance level (0.2 ppm), while washed and peeled fruits were contained lower residues (0.149 and 0.087 ppm, respectively) after the same period from experiment. These residues were rapidly decreased by elapse of time, so unwashed, washed and peeled apple fruits were contained levels below the allowed MRL i.e. 0.092, 0.008 and <0 ppm, respectively after fourteen days of flusilazole application Accordingly, unwashed apple fruits could be marketed safely 14 days after flusilazole application, while washed and peeled fruits could be used safely after seven days. In the case of triflumizole, unwashed apple fruits were contained 2.030 ppm after five days of application. Such residue is higher than the tolerance value (2.0 ppm), while washed and peeled fruits were contained residues below the tolerance permissive values i.e. 1.010 and 1.970 ppm after three and one days of application, respectively. These values were rapidly decreased by time prolongation, so, unwashed, washed, and peeled apple fruits were contained residues below the allowed tolerance of 1.280, 0.490 and 0.160 ppm at seven days after triflumizole application, respectively. Accordingly, unwashed apple fruits could be marketed safely seven days after triflumizole application, while washed and peeled fruits could used safely three and one days after application, respectively.

Identification of bitter orange petitgrain bigarade oil produced in Egypt was studied by GC/MS on carbowax – 20M colum. It was found that linalyl acetate, which represented more than 25% of the whole oil was considered to be the major component of ester fraction; while linalool, which ranged from (30-33.7%) was the main alcohol components. On the other hand, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene,myrcene and β-pinene were the highest monoterpene hydrocarbons. Room temperature (about 20°C), 4 and -18°C were used for storing the samples for 6 mounths. No pronounced effect was noticed on the composition of petitgrain oil with the exception of slight effect on the color, acid number and solubility (v/v 70% alcohol) when samples stored at 20°C. Statistical analyses proved that 4 ºC could be considered the best fit temperature at which no significant changes occur in both the major chemical analyses and the main identified volatile constituents.

Recently, the potential economical importance of the methylotrophic bacteria encouraged the isolation of this group. In the present study five Egyptian isolates were obtained from green leaves surface of legume plants named PPFM.C (ChickPea), PPFM.Ph (Common bean), PPFM.F (Faba bean), PPFM.P (Peanut) and PPFM.S (Soybean) ,to study their general characters which belonging to  methylotrophic bacteria. Morphological studies indicate that all isolates were short rods, gram negative and motile. All Physiological studies to the isolates gave the same results except PPFM.F which could not grow in peptone medium. All isolates were sensitive to Kanamycin but they were resistant to Erythromycin. There was a great range in the ability of the isolates to grow on different sodium chloride concentrations indicating that PPFM.Ph grew well in 5 % sodium chloride, and they were able to excrete and produce cytokinin. Molecular biology studies indicated that there was a great similarity between PPFM.C and PPFM.Ph (99.34%). Identification was carried out to the5 isolates, PPFM.F may be related to Methylobacterium mesophilicum, PPFM.P may be related to M. fujisawaense and PPFM.Ph, PPFM.C and PPFM.S were related to M. radiotolerans.

Four olive cultivars namely Manzanello, Picual, Coratina and Arbicon grown at Wadi El-Natroon area, Egypt under drip irrigation system in sandy soil were compared for optimizing their own yield as well as fruit quality parameters during 2001 (off-year) and 2002 (on-year), by application of an integrated and balanced fertigaion program including macro and micro-nutrients. Results showed that remarkable and significant differences in leaf mineral contents, yield and yield quality parameters were detected by using well distributed fertilizer program during the growing season of olive trees. The treated four cultivars attained higher yield in the “on” and “off” year than the control. The most outstanding olive cultivars having greater yield were Picual, Manzanello, Coratina and Arbicon in a descending order. Oil percentage was maximized with Picual olive while, Arbicon olive had the lowest value. Free fatty acids (%), Iodine number as well as Acidity (%) were minimized in Coratina olive and the lowest peroxide number as was in Picual olive. It is apparent that for planting Picual olive variety proved to be the promising one due to its greatest yield and best fruit quality specially when the actual requirements of macro and micro nutrients were used through the drip irrigation system.

Degradation aspects in terms of kinetics of the tested samples namely  dates, oranges and olive residues by the dromedary ruminal microflora is comparatively studied with vetch-oat hay as a standard. The results indicate greater hydrolytic ac-tivity of the dromedary ruminal microflora towards dates and orange residues than both olive residues and hay.  Fermentation of dates and orange residues reaches their stationary phase after 24 hours and olive wastes after 48 hours. However, fermentation process was marked by two phase; namely the degradation of soluble fraction and that of cellulosic one. The results showed also that types of substrate is a determining factor for in vitro gas production. In fact, substrate rich in cellular content (dates and orange residues) is characterised by a fast fermentation that moves towards CO2 production, and it is marked by a long latency phase. On contrary,  the fibrous substrate degradation (olive residues and hay) is tributary of less long latency period and generates CH4. The degradation level observed indicates that the dates and oranges residues might represent an acceptable source of energy for dromedary. On the other hand, the olive residues, in spite of being rich in organic matter, cannot be used in animal feeding.

The aim of present work was to study the toxicity of (mancozeb )Dithane fungicide on fish Claras lazera (catfish) and consequently to human beings.The fishes were exposed to Dithane in dose of 0.5 ppm /L (equivalent of 1/10 of LD50)for 30 days. Different Haematological, Biochemical, Bacteriological, and Immunological parameters were assessed. The results showed significant increase in Blood level of Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Cortisol, Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Insulin as well as Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) and Alanine Amino Transferease (ALT)in blood. However there was a decrease in blood level of Iron and IgM, accompanied by decrease in Haemoglobin (HB), Macrocytic hypochromic anemia (R.B.Cs) count, Packed cell volume (PCV) which was observed in fish in 7, 15, 30, days after exposure to Dithane. The Haemogram shows reticulocytosis and increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Dithane produces metabolic stress and cell damage with malfunction of haemopoetic system. Microbiological examination revealed a presence of pathogenic bacteria mainly E. coli, Flavabacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus. It was concluded that in catfish reared on low dietary carbohydrate (CHO) diet there was hyperglycemia due to increase in cortisol hormone. However immunological results revealed decrease in the level of IgM in blood; a loss of scales and petichial haemorrhage in parts of skin was observed. Ascitic and erosion due to complication of bacterial infection, was also accorded.

10%) with adding 1% activated commercial starter cultures of YC-X11 (Str. thermophilus and Lb. delbruekii ss. bulgaricus, T1), Bio Profit (Lb rhamnosus and Propio. freudenreichii ss. shermanii, T2) and LC 705 (Lb. casei, T3). Resulting cheeses were pickled into its own whey. The low-salted cheese was pickled for 6 months and the high-salted cheese after 9 months. Moisture, salt and yield of low and high-salt cheeses decreased with adding starter culture, while an increase was noticed in the acidity, soluble nitrogen (SN) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). High salt cheeses had significantly higher values for moisture, salt and yield with significantly lower acidity, SN and TVFA than low salt cheeses. The values of moisture, salt and yield gradually decreased during pickling while acidity, SN and TVFA significantly increased. Domiati cheese with starter culture had higher total bacterial count (TBC) than that of control being highest in T3. Increasing the salt in cheese milk resulted in lower TBC. Values of TBC increased in all samples during early pickling and then sharply decreased till the end. There was a remarkable inhibition in the growth of sporeforming bacteria and yeasts & moulds with adding starter culture. Sensory quality attributes of cheese improved with adding starter culture. Pickling of cheese up to different periods led to better flavour as well as body & texture but extending the period beyond caused lower quality. The rate of improvement was faster in cheese of low salt than that from 10% salted milk. Starter culture of Bio Profit (T2) produced cheese with typical ripened cheese flavour and texture and can be recommended for low or high-salt cheeses.