Cucumber production exposed to huge losses in Egypt and worldwide due to infection with Cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV). The current study focus on the impact of two Egyptian CMV isolates on metabolic and oxidative activities in cucumber plants. Two CMV isolates was obtained from cucurbitaceous crops and confirmed by DASELISA. Inoculated cucumber plants by infectious crude sap with two CMV isolates showed difference in external symptoms. The metabolic and biochemical components of cucumber plants were affected with two CMV isolates. The present study provided that, CMV infection caused a significant reduction in both photopigments and biochemical components while bioactive components (proline and phenol) and oxidative enzymes (POX, SOD, PPO and CAT) were increased significantly compared healthy ones. It was found that cucumberCMV isolate was more effective in metabolic and biochemical than Squash-CMV isolate.

This research aims to study the costs of rice multiplication in order to identify the various factors that led to the high costs of beating rice in recent years. The research relied mainly on primary data from the sample of the study collected through field visits and interviews to obtain the sample data Was selected, and a random sample was selected at the level of the provinces and then at the level of centers and then at the level of villages and the number of speculators in the sample of 25 peddles  distributed in the following areas three rackets in the center of Klin, Sheikh and eight rackets power center in Kafr El-Sheikh4  The problem is that there is an increase in the costs of the process of beating rice, which indicates the importance of studying the components of these costs in terms of different items and factors affecting them and the most important problems facing the industry and how to overcome them and thus Access to weaknesses and inefficiencies to raise the efficiency of this industry and propose the most appropriate solutions to improve the efficiency of this industry to achieve the lowest costs4

The interest in medicinal plants is not only due to the fact that it is a source of food additives, but it is also a major source of medicines. Medical plants contain many important vital ingredients used in the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, medicinal plants are considered a safe source of medical drugs. Many medicinal plants have a significant economic importance to increase their demand. The plant families include many families, such as solanaceae family, which is one of the largest plant families with more than 3000 plant species And the plants of this family contains many important biological components and because of its importance, it was necessary to study and identify these plants by making fingerprinting, detect the molecular genetic markers for this family, study the genetic diversity of these species and determine the relationships between  species of this family by using genetic techniques such as the technique of  Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). The results obtained in the five solanaceae species (Lycium shwaii, Hyoscyamus muticus, Solanum nigrum from Northwestern coast, Solanum nigrun from Saint Katherine, and Nicotiana gluca) indicated that, 6 primers were applied. The HB15 primer which gave 12 bands, showed the highest polymorphism 58.33%, and the 49A primer, which gave 6 bands gave a lowest polymrphism 16.66% between the used plants populations, these results mean that ISSR technique is an powerful tool to make genetic diversity assessment for species.

Different formulations of pepper mint oil, i.e. bulk, nano-emulsion and nano-encapsulation were evaluated against 2nd and 4th instar larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Their effects on enzymatic activities and bionomics were also investigated. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that the mean particle size of the prepared nano-emulsion ranged between 20-90nm. The encapsulation efficiency and loaded capacity percentages exhibited that distilled H2O was more suitable than ethanol in preparation of nano-encapsulation particles. Bioassay treatments showed LC50's on 2nd instars larvae were 70.59, 12.23 and 21.72 ppm for pepper mint oil, pepper mint nano-emulsion and loaded nanoemulsion, respectively. While on 4th instars these values were 80.47, 26.14 and 67.69 ppm, respectively. LC90's on 2nd instars were 104.75, 33.97 and 30.14 for pepper mint oil, pepper mint nanoemulsion and loaded nano-emulsion, respectively. While on 4th instars these values were 177.66, 71.37 and 102.29 ppm. Toxicity index and relative potency proved that nano-emulsion was more effective than loaded nano-emulsion, while the bulk preparation was the least effective one. Results of enzymatic activities showed marked effects of the three formulations of mint oil, significant inhibitions  were recorded for amylase, invertase, trehalase, protease and alkaline phosphatase, while significant increase in activities of cuticle phenoloxidase and chitinase. Effects of adding the three formulations to artificial diet of 2nd instar showed significant effects of the insect bionomics. Larvae durations, percentage mortalities, were increased as well as larval malformations. Also, pupal duration, percentage pupal mortality and pupal malformation were increased, while pupal weight was decreased. Adults longevity showed insignificant effects, while female fecundity and egg % fertility showed significant responce.

With the full recognition that the problem of inflation in Egypt is due mainly to factors related to the recent economic policy, while others are related to structural reasons, that ignited the flames of inflation led by monopolies prevailing in the commodity market. The problem is the rise in food and drink prices (FCPI) in particular. The problem is further compounded by the increase in poverty in Egypt, which rose to 31.8% in October 2017. The most serious is the increase of extreme poverty rate of 5.8% of the population is mainly due to rising food prices.  The research is concerned with the analysis of general price index and the food price index in four regions, namely, rural upper Egypt, urban upper Egypt, rural lower Egypt, and urban lower Egypt.  The research compare between the evolution of consumer price indices in two period, the first period cover, 22 months before the adoption of the  floating exchange rate policy and second period cover 15 months after the adoption from November 2016 of the new policy and it.  The main of the research are summarized in the following points:   1- Increase the general index of prices and number.                       2- A marked increase in the indices in the geographical areas in the countryside from the urban during two periods.                             3- There is a significant effect of the time component on the increase in the price index during two periods of study, which was more evident in the float period.                            4- The food price index had a clear effect on the increase in the general price index in the regions.  5- The conditions of the increase in the monthly inflation rates in the pre-flotation period in the Egyptian geographical regions, although there was a decrease in the floating period over time, in the floating period.              6- High urban inflation rates for rural areas, despite their rise.

Experiments carried out through 2016 revealed that a proper protocol for the in vitro propagation of Koronaki and Coratina olive cvs. as follows : Sterilization of stem node explants was carried out successfuly with copper sulphate at 50mg/l for Koronaki cv. And Ampicillin at 150mg/l for Coratina cv. both cultured on Olive medium.Multiplication on MS medium enriched with BAP at 1.5mg/l for both cvs.  Rooting of Koronaki on half sterngth OM medium enriched with IBA at 0.5mg/l and Coratina on half sterngth MS medium enriched with NAA at 0.1mg/l.  Acclimization of Koronaki plantlets derived from half strength OM rooting medium and acclimatized on peat : sand  (1:1) and Coratina plantlets derived from MS rooting medium and acclimatized on peat :sand : vermiculite (1:1:1).

From an eco–economic perspective, the efficient use of nitrogen is becoming incrementally worthwhile in crop management. Therefore, growth, yield and seed yield response index of three sesame varieties (Shandwel–1, Giza–32 and Sohag–1) as affected by four N rates (0, 72, 108 and 144 kg N ha−1) were investigated during two seasons of 2013 and 2014. The study illustrated that Sohag–1 was the superior variety for achieving SPAD value and seed yield ha−1. Sesame plants can be fertilized with N at a rate of 108 kg ha−1 being recorded higher seed yield ha−1. Integration between proper variety as a genetic factor with the appropriate N rate applied as an environmental one, i.e. Sohag–1 x 108 kg N ha−1 (or Sohag–1 x 144 kg N ha−1) considered a marked practice for gaining high sesame seed yield as an economic product. Being Sohag–1 exhibited less reduction in yield under low N rate and highly response with high N applied it belongs to ER group.

The study aimed to identify and compare changes in  consumer spending patterns in general and food expenditure in particular in both rural and urban areas during the period (2004 / 20052014 / 2015) Moreover  and the economic and monetary changes affecting the standard of livinghas also made in Egypt.  The study was based on quantitative and descriptive statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, rate of change and percentages, estimating the marginal slope of expenditure, and the elasticity of expenditure of the main food groups, and use of some quantitative analysis methods as a test of the difference between the average of two independent samples, (2004/05, 2014/2015), as well as some studies and research related to the subject of the study.  The results showed that the percentage of expenditure on food and drink in both rural and urban areas decreased from the total annual expenditure per capita in 2014/2015 compared to 2004/2005 and that it ranked first among the various expenditure groups during the two study periods and vice versa to the low rate of expenditure on housing in rural areas, the urban expenditure rate increased during 2014/2015.   The results showed that the relative importance of urban rural food expenditure, which was reflected in the reduction of the rural-urban food gap, increased from 27.6% to 14.5%. And vice versa, the percentage increased of the rural- urban nonfood gap, from 50.6% to 42.8% during the two study periods. However, the statistical is no significance of the difference between the average of two samples for the total expenditure, food and non-food between rural and urban during the two periods.  Results also showed an increase in expenditure on some food groups such as meat, vegetables, cheese, eggs, fish and non-alcoholic beverages, and the decrease in per capita expenditure on cereals and bread in both rural and urban areas during 2014-2015 compared to 2004/2005  The results showed the variation in the elasticity of the expenditure of the food and drink group in both rural and urban areas, some of which were necessary and some of them were morenecessary during 2004/2005. However, they increased per capita in rural areas for all food commodities during 2014-2015, However, most of the food commodities in urban areas is necessary commodities.  With reference to the political and monetary changes that occurred during the last ten years, the results of the study showed that the percentage of families living below the poverty line in the rural areas and their urban rise in 2014/2015 compared with 2004/2005, which means that the urban poor are more affected by their rural, The percent age of households living below the absolute poverty line in both rural and urban areas decreased in the second year compared to the first year. The percentage of non-poor households in both rural and urban areas increased in the second year compared with the first year, which indicates improvement Relative to the living conditions of some rural families, While in urban areas, the decline in the proportion of semi-poor families and the increase in the proportion of both poor and non-poor  households makes the change in living standards either positive or negative, but the study suggested that there was a transmission to those who were on the edge of poverty to below the poverty line, A change in the consumption pattern, which was affected by the high prices of most food commodities, especially meat and poultry and try to find different alternatives, whether from fish or from eggs and milk derivatives.

field experiment was conducted in newly reclaimed sand soil to find out the most efficient combination between irrigation system and deficit irrigation management can be used for date palm trees “Zaghlol cultivar”. Results revealed that the average water requirements of date palm trees gradually increased from 1504, 1279, 1128 and 978 for drip to 2522, 2143, 1891, and 1639 m3/fedSeason for bubbler irrigation system in combination with 100, 85, 75 and 65% deficit irrigation treatments respectively. Data indicated that EC1:5 in dS/m gradually increased with decreasing deficit irrigation levels from 100 to 65% and with increasing soil layer depth to 60-90 cm either in parallel or perpendicular direction of drip or bubbler irrigation lines. While opposite result was observed for soil moisture distribution. Results showed an evident decrease in crop yield as affected by water stress associated with decreasing deficit irrigation treatments from 100 to 85, 75 and 65 % by about 167, 155, 153, 151 for drip and 181.5, 168, 172 and 169 kg/Tree for bubbler irrigation systems. Data revealed that water use efficiency increased from 0.10 for 100 % DI to 0.93, 0.83 and 0.64 m3/kg for 85, 75 and 65 % deficit irrigation under drip and slightly decreased from 0.16 for 100 % DI to 0.14, 0.12 and 0.11 m3/kg for bubbler irrigation systems respectively. It could be concluded that the best method for managing irrigation of date palm trees "Zaghloul cultivar" in the study area is the irrigation using bubbler system with 75% deficit irrigation  treatment. This combination treatment gave acceptable yield of about 172 kg/tree with saving a substantial amount of Irrigation water reached to about 25% (1891 m3/fed or 22 m3/tree) with WUE of about 8.09 kg/m3.

The aim of the present work to study the effect of foodtypes (sugar syrup fortified with Garlic (Allium sativum), Lemon (Citrus limon), Garlic plus Lemon), pollen grains and plain sugar syrup (1:1)) on contamination of honey with bacteria, fungi and yeasts. The data indicated that application of sugar syrup plus extracts of garlic, lemon, garlic plus lemon or bee pollen led to decrease population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts compared with control treatment (plain sugar syrup 1:1). The fungi were the least population in all the treatments compared with bacteria and yeasts, meanwhile population of bacteria were moderately and the yeasts were the most occurrence. Garlic plus lemon treatment was the most effective against population of microorganisms, but garlic and lemon separate were moderately effective and bee pollen treatment was the least effective compared with other treatments. According to isolation and identification procedures, three bacterial species (Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulism), four fungal species (Aspergillus apis, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp.) and three yeasts species (Debaromyces sp., Lipomyces sp. and Saccharomyces sp.) were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters. Cladosporium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria species, but Aspergillus apis fungus was the most frequency compared with other fungi species and Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with other yeasts.