Potato occupies a distinguished position in the Egyptian agricultural economy, whether in terms of its contribution to agricultural income or in terms of cultivated area, in addition to being one of the important food crops in the Egyptian dietary pattern in addition to being one of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports. The research aims to measure the effect of price policies on the most important economic variables of the potato crop by identifying both the productive and economic indicators of the potato crop in Egypt. The extent of deviation of the price that producers get from the real price that they must obtain. The efficiency of using agricultural resources for the potato crop. The effect of the price policy of potato crop on the product's well-being and consumer and government revenues. It was found from the results of the research that the average area cultivated with the potato crop amounted to about 317.74 thousand feddans. The feddan productivity the total production amounted to about 10.82 tons, 3477.12 thousand tons, respectively, and that the average total costs. Total income, net revenue per feddan, and farm price reached about 9554 53, 13704.05, 4149.58, and 1147.68 pounds respectively, and the ratio of total revenue to total costs. The profitability of the produced ton, and the profit of the invested pound amounted to about 1.53, 0.53 and 381.87 pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018), as it turned out that. The value of production inputs, the added value amounted to about 8097.89, 5606.16 pounds, and the average consumption. The amount of waste, and the surplus of the potato crop in Egypt amounted to about 2,297.89, 425.32 and 1179.22 thousand tons, respectively, and the rate of self-sufficiency of the potato crop in Egypt reached About 152.99%, the average per capita consumption of the potato crop in Egypt was about 28.51 kg / year, and the average quantity and value of exports and imports of potatoes amounted to about 418.02, 106.44 thousand tons, 145.63 and 76.47 million dollars per ton respectively, and the trade balance of potatoes reached about 7469 million Dollars during the period Previous reference to it. The nominal protection coefficient and rate and the partial equilibrium model were also estimated in order to study the effect of price policies on both the producer. The consumer, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of following a certain policy based on the indicators of welfare, efficiency and government revenue. About 0.62, 0.38, respectively, during the period (2000- 2018), as it was found that the average net economic loss. The net economic impact on society and the state, producer surplus, government revenue, and the change in foreign exchange amounted to about 247.176, 426.96, 904.352, 1309.882, 829.035 thousand pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018).

This study aims to use one thermochemical storage materials system as a heat source for poultry egg incubation. Three types of activated thermochemical storage materials (TCMs) were used as an energy storage medium. These materials are Silica gel self-indicating (blue/pink), commercial white Silica gel, and Natural Zeolite. An open thermochemical system was applied inside a poultry egg incubator. The TCMs were humidified by the vapor produced from the evaporation of the water by an ultra-sonic humidifier at atmospheric pressure. The thermal recovery process aims to release the stored energy in TCMs. Two types of poultry egg incubator used during this study. The first one was the traditional poultry incubator (electricity incubator). The traditional egg incubator dimensions were 57×66×59 cm with capacity of 125 hen egg- 76 hatching. The second one was the prototype of a thermochemical poultry egg incubator. The thermochemical poultry egg incubator contained sensors to control and measure the temperature and humidity inside the incubator. The designed incubator egg dimensions were 56x39x28.5 cm, with a capacity of 25 eggs. The total heat losses by the wall and ventilation were 9.8 and 1.5W, respectively. The heat production by 25 eggs due to metabolic activities was 3.65 W. The total energy needed for the incubation process was 36.09W. The container of storage material with dimensions of 35x35x5 cm with 3.5 kg capacity allocated inside the incubator. The container's surface is covered with aluminum sheet with 0.5 mm thickness supplied with fins. The egg tray is placed on the aluminum sheet, and the eggs were placed horizontally in the tray. The energy consumption for traditional and thermochemical incubators for 21 days was 19.25 kWh and 11.2 kWh, respectively. The energy saving by thermochemical prototype incubator was 41.8%. The percentage of hatchability for traditional and prototype incubator was 80.9% and 71.4%, respectively.

The research targeted the competitive-ness of strawberry crop exports, the geo-graphical distribution of strawberry exports to determine the most important imported markets, and the competitiveness of Egyptian strawberry exports in the most important foreign markets. About 85.7% of the average amount of Egyptian straw-berry exports during the period (2014-2019) the most important of these coun-tries are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Belgium, Germany and Iraq, where their market is absorbed 19.64, 7, 6.8, 6.2, 4.5, 1,000 tons, and about 27%, 9.6%, 9.4%, 9.1%, 6.3%, from the average total amount of Egyptian exports of strawberries during the study period is about 41.08 thousand tons. This means that Egypt's strawberry exports Have not enjoy a competitive advantage in the global markets, where the value of the competitive advantage index was about 6.82 million during the first period (2001-2009),and 6.83 during the second period (2010-2019).The market share index showed that the market of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Belgium Ranking the top of the list of Egyptian strawberry importers, with a market share of about 58.6%, 39.2% and 9.9% of the average total strawberry imports in those countries. The study found that Egyptian strawberries a competitive price advantage in both the Saudi market, the Belgian market and the German market compared to the most important countries competing for Egyptian strawberry exports within these Markets, the competitive advantage index of Egyptian strawberries achieved high rates in these markets compared to competing countries, explained the insta-bility factor of competition compared to the instability factor of the amount of strawberries exported to Egypt is that the average Netherlands, Spain, Italy and America are more stable, with the average instability rate in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and America. 15.8%, 44.7%, 5.4%, 12%, show standard efficient imaging that its value was greater than zero in all years during the study period (2001-2009), the average value of about 10.2%.

Kitchener drain isconsideredone of the largest drains in the Nile delta. The current study aimed to assess water quality and level of some chemical and biological pollutants in both the water and sediments of Kitchener drain. The studied water quality parameters included nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), in addition, water and sediment samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, total coliform (TC) bacteria, faecal coliform (FC) bacteria and Salmonella&Shigella (SS). The results showed that nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) concentrations in most sampling sides were within the permitted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) limits for irrigation water. In addition, all the values of total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids concentrations (TDS) in El-Gharbia governorate were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permitted limits. Bacteriological results revealed that most sampling sites were contaminated with both TC and FC bacteria where, the counts of them in the water samples exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml which is higher than the WHO limits. In addition, the counts of studied organisms in all examined sediment samples were higher compared to water samples. Based on these results the water in Kitchener drain is considered unsuitablefor domestic and agricultural purposes.

This paper is evaluating the addition of nanocobalt on dry matter, organic matter, cel-lulose and hemicellulose degradability of In-vitro gases technique. Nanocobalt as an addi-tive were used as 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% from the animal requirements on DM basis. The regular ration (1:1 concentrate: clover hay) was incubated for 24 hours. Then 24 and 48 hours of dry matter, organic matter, cellu-lose and hemicellulose were used to research the impact of adding 25 and 50% nanocobalt to some roughages (rice, bean, wheat, bagasse and peanut) straws using In-vitro disappear-ance. Results of In-vitro gas indicated that the DMD degradability values were increased (P<0.05) in 50 and 75 %, while the highest of OMD was in 25 and 50 % of nanocobalt. The nanocobalt had no effect on pH, but had a greater influence on the values of ammonia and TVF’s, as well as the degradability of cell wall components with microbial proteins. In control ration, the gas production was high, adding cobalt (100 %) and nanocobalt (25 and 50 %) than other of addition. High values of microbial protein (MP) and microbial protein efficiency (EMP) recorded for all different nanocobalt added. Nanocobalt 25% output gas of DM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellu-lose showed increase (P<0.05) compared to any additional levels. It concluded that the ad-dition of nanocobalt increased the production of gas, ammonia, TVF’s, metabolizable energy and degradability of cell wall constituents. It showed that the addition of nanocobalt had a stronger effect on disappearance of all roughages as DM, OM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose. Furthermore, the addition of 25% nanocobalt had a significant effect (P<0.05) on improving In-vitro DM and OM disappearance of all roughages except bagasse had a significant effect in add 50 % nanoco-balt.

The present study measured the concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) in soils as well as vegetables (faba bean, cabbage, onion, garlic, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, potato, okra and green bean) irrigated with wastewaterinthe western part of Giza governorate, Egypt.Human health risks to consumers of these vegetables were performed. The study revealed the considerable variations inmetal contents of water, soiland vegetables samples. Generally, wastewater of the study drains was not suitablefor irrigation purpose according to the bacteriological guidelines. Almost all the physicochemical parametersand heavy metals concentrationsof water and soil samples were compatible with the recommended permissible limits of irrigation and agricultural use, respectively. Vegetable species showed remarkable difference in metals concentrations of various plant portion, Zn showed highest tissue concentrations followed byCu. Heavy metalsconcentrationsindifferent edible portionsdecreased in a descending order as Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd with low translocation values (< 1) for studiedvegetablesexcept forfaba bean.The health risk index (RI) for humans was low if edible portionsfrom studied vegetables are consumed, in particular Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni whose concentration valueswere relatively higher than the health based guidelines values. Considering the probable health risk associated with the consumption of contaminatedvegetables, it is important toregularly monitor the levels of metals in wastewater, soils and vegetables in the studied area.

The effect of two probiotic products with Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) as source of dietary protein and/or energy in ruminant diets on the growth performance and some blood parame-ters of Barki lamps were evaluated. Two com-mercial probiotic formulas (ZAD and ICEC-Trol) were administrated directly with theirap-plications: P1 (without probiotic), P2 (ZAD), P3 (ZAD + ICEC-Trol), the combination of four different rations: R1 (control), R2 (PKC as source of energy), R3 (PKC as source of en-ergy and protein) and R4 (PKC as source of protein). Barki lambs (n=96, 35kg average body weight) were randomly assigned to 12 experimental groups in a completely random-ized block design. (8 lambs for each group) and fed for 47 days. ZAD probiotic was ap-plied at 2 ml/head/day and ICEC-TROL was applied at 3 g/head/day. Animals weight gain and average daily gain were measured and Glucose, total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorus were measured. Results showed that animals fed control ration (R1) with P2, R2 with P3 and R4 with P3 showed highest (P<0.05) total weight gain (10.75, 10.88 and 10.56, respectively) and average daily gain (0.229, 0.231 and 0.225, respectively). ZAD probiotic improved serum total protein, globu-lin, glucose when using with PKC in lambs’ rations. In conclusion, using PKC as a source of energy or protein, with two sources of pro-biotics in lambs’ rations showed to be more ef-fective in weight gain, while using one probi-otic (ZAD) is enough for fattening with tradi-tional rations.

Mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is in-fected with many diseases. In this work, two fungi species, Aspergillus fumigatus and As-pergillus flavus, were isolated from the in-fected B. mori larvae during rearing process. The morphological symptoms were the same for both fungi and appeared from newly hatched larvae until moth formation. In larvae, black spots of both fungi species appeared eve-rywhere on the body, then these spots extended and eventually larvae died, and fragments of the fungus came out from the spots. The only one difference between the two fungi, is that symptoms of A. fumigatus appeared four days earlier than those of A. flavus. Newly hatched larvae were sprayed with spore suspension (1x106 conidia spores/ml) of A. fumigates and A. flavus separately. One and 12 hrs. after in-oculation, larvae were sprayed with different concentrations of fungicide (Actamyl), sali-cylic acid, and henna and propolis powders, in isolation. After words, mortality and survival percentages were calculated and compared to those that occurred in untreated check (larvae were inoculated with A. fumigatus and A. fla-vus separately without any control treatment). The lowest mortality and highest survival per-centage were occurred in larvae treated with salicylic acid at 10% after 12 hrs. from inocu-lation with A. fumigatus. On the other hand, the lowest mortality and highest survival percent-ages occurred in larvae treated with the fungi-cide Actamyl at 6% and henna at 15% after 12 hrs. from inoculation with A. flavus.

The presented study aimed to evaluate the different control methods of the rusty flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The experi-ments were conducted to evaluate the effi-ciency of a chemical pesticide (Mala-thion), biopesticide (Tracer 24% SC), plant oil (Lemongrass oil), plant extraction (Ac-etone extracts from Rosemary), powder (Diatomaceous earth) and modified At-mosphere (argon gas). Mortality percent-age increased with increase of exposure times at all tested concentrations. The tox-icity effect of different treatments against adults of T. castaneum at the LC50 after 7 days post-treatment at 30±1°C could be ar-ranged in descending order as follows: Malathion, Tracer 24% and lemongrass oil, while, acetone extracts from Rosemary and diatomaceous earth (DE) were the least effective. The LT50 values against the adult stage of T. castaneum were 19.99, 2.33 and 4.86 hr. for Argon 100, 80 and 60%, respectively. In order to avoid the disadvantages of using chemical insecti-cides such as malathion, it is recommended to use other more safe control methods for the environment as Tracer 24% or lemongrass oil or Argon gas.

The influence of chilling, freezing, and dry-ing preservation methods on morphological properties and viability of four yeast cultures, isolated Saccharomyces boulardii (SB1 and SB2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), and Kluyveromyces lactis (KL), was studied. chilling preservation had no effect on yeast colony morphology parameters till the end of the preservation period in contrast with freez-ing and drying preservation methods. Drying preservation resulted in the highest viability decrement % of yeast cultures ranged between 59.38 to 40.21% as compared with other preservation methods. There is a noticeable re-duction in D values of preserved yeast cultures by drying, which varied from (33 to 26 day) in comparison to chilling and freezing preserva-tion that recorded (119 to 83 and 180 to 57 day), respectively. The obtained results re-vealed that chilling preservation under proper conditions, as well as freezing, is more prefer-able for the preservation of studied yeast cul-tures than that preserved yeast by the drying method.