Lake Manzala in Egypt have shown great changes in water properties including pH (7.4 to 8.4), total suspended solids (19 to 350 mg/l), total dissolved salts (1578 to 33480 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (2.25 to 8.45 mg/l), ammonia (0.00 to 44.8 mg/l) and nitrate (0.00 to 8.96 mg/l). In addition there has been quite high bacterial density in water and fish of the lake, including total viable bacterial counts and indicator organisms such as total coliforms, faecal coliforms and some other organisms such as Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Staphylococcus spp. However, the magnitude number of bacteria in water and fish was found to vary sometimes considerably and sometimes slightly depending on the site of sampling. Our results herein showed that LakeManzala is highly contaminated.

An experiment was conducted for two summer seasons (2000 and 2001) to study the effect of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers on performance of rainfed pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) grown on clay loam soil at University of Zalingei site, Western Darfour states, Sudan. The experimental design used was spilt-plot design with five replications. Four nitrogen treatments (0, 30, 60 and 80 kg N/ha) and four phosphorus treatments (0, 15, 30 and 60 kg P/ha) were used. Nitrogen treatments were assigned to the main plots and phosphorus levels were allotted to the sub-plots. Urea (46% N) and triple superphosphate (48% P2O5) were used as sources of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Phosphorus treatments were applied at sowing, whereas nitrogen fertilizer was split into two equal doses, one was added four days after emergence and the second was three weeks after sowing.  Results of the experiments showed that application of nitrogen increased the plant height over the control. The increments were in range of 5.7% - 16.1%. Leaf area index (LAI), grain and stover yields were significantly affected by nitrogen application. The increments over control were in the range of 39% - 92.3%, 10.1% - 112.7% and 34.1% - 126.9% for LAI, grain yield and stover yield, respectively. Regarding phosphorus, the results revealed that phosphorus addition had a significant effect on plant height, LAI, grain and stover yields. The increments over control ranged from 2.4% - 11.3%, 6.3% - 17.9%, 6.7% - 24.6% and 6.8% - 35.4% for plant height, LAI, grain and stover yields, respectively. The interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus had a significant effect only on LAI and plant height at the sixth week measurement in the first and second seasons, respectively. The tallest plants were obtained from 3N × 3P treatment whereas the greatest LAI was obtained by 3N × 2P treatment

The present study was carried out to maintain aromatic extracts of Melissa using different techniques (water distillation, steam distillation and extraction with acetone). The volatile components of these extracts were identified. Likewise, the antioxidative properties and antimicrobial activity of these extracts were determined.  Data confirmed that the yield percent of acetone oleoresin extract was higher than both of water distillation and steam distillation extracts. Moreover, fractionation of volatile components using GC/MS technique showed the ability of acetone to extract more components than that of other techniques. In addition to being more effective in extracting higher amounts of sesquiterpene and phenols fractions.  Odor threshold level confirmed that the concentration up to 1000 ppm from either water distillation or steam distillation extracts could be mixed with sunflower oil without affecting its odor, while acetone oleoresin extract could be used at concentration up to 800 ppm. Likewise, the different aromatic extracts of melissa exhibited antioxidative properties on sunflower oil. However, acetone oleoresin was markedly superior to that of water distillation as well as steam distillation extracts as antioxidant agents. This could probably attributable to the high content of some active components such as phenolic compounds in the acetone oleoresin extract. Also, antioxidant synergistic effect was observed for a mixture of 200 ppm tested extracts and BHT at 100 ppm. However, a mixture includes acetone oleoresin extract was the most effective as an antioxidant on sunflower oil. In conformity with antimicrobial activity, all tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities, however acetone oleoresin extract appeared the most potential antimicrobial spectra.

This study was conducted for comparing three slow release N fertilizers namely, sulphur-coated urea (SCU), phosphorus – coated urea (PCU) and Enciabene with the conventional fast release N fertilizer namely ammonium nitrate each at the recommended rate of N i.e., 1000 g N/tree/year for growth characters on the three growth flushes, percentages of leaf N, P and K in the Spring growth cycle, date of first bloom, number of panicles/tree, fruit retention %, yield as well as physical and chemical characters of fruits in two mango cvs Figri Kelan and Keitt during 2004 and 2005 seasons. Results showed that suppling the trees of both mango cvs with the three slow release N fertilizers were superior to the application of the fast one in improving shoot length, number of leaves / shoot and leaf area in the three growth cycles, percentages of leaf N, number of panicles / tree as well as physical and chemical properies of the fruits. The slow release N fertilizers slightly advanced first bloom date. Application of sulphur-coated urea (SCU), phosphorus-coated urea (PCU) and Enciabene (ENC) in a descending order, was very favorable in this connection. These results were true for both mango cvs. It is suggested to fertilize the trees of both mango cvs Figri Kelan and Keitt with N at 1000g/tree/year as sulphur-coated urea fertilizer (2.4 Kg/tree/year) for obtaining an economical yield with fairly good fruit quality

New fruit juice blends which contain several potent antioxidants (carotenoides, ascorbic acid and selenium) in combination with other favorable aspects of flavor and color were tried. The trial included locally produced fruits such as Kaki, Papaya, Guava and Pomegranate. Five blends were prepared with different percentages of the prepared juices in trying to maximize the required nutrients such as carotenoides, ascorbic acid and other micro-nutrients. The best blend which had the highest content of ascorbic acid 45.73mg/100gm was blend No.(2) which contained 30% kaki, 30% papaya, 30% guava and 10% pomegranate  whereas blend No.(4) (50% kaki, 30% papaya, 10% guava, and 10% pomegranate had the highest content of carotenoids (33.58 mg/100gm). Selenium content of different blends were almost always the same. Organoleptic scores revealed that the best consumer preference was for blends No. (2 and 4). As for main components of different blends a slight difference could be observed between percentages of sugars and titratable acidity.

Random samples were collected from Giza Qualubyia and Minufyia Governorates during summer, autumn and winter 2001. The collected samples were litter, poultry food and feather from chickens, ducks, pekeeny ducks, geese, rabbits (as a domestic animals) and quails, rozella birds, zebra birds and kockteel birds (as a wild animals which were in captivity). Mites belonging to twenty-seven families of four suborders; viz., Gamasida, Actinedida, Acaridida and Oribatida plus the hypopal stage of family Acaridae, were collected. Out of 27 families, 24, 14 and 11 were found in Qaliobia, Giza and Minufyia Governorates, respectively. However, number of mites, percentage of occurrence and dominance differentiated families in and between localities. Number of mites during autumn season was the highest representing 21 families followed by summer then winter. Hypopal stage represented about 20% of mite population in autumn season while no hypopal stage in summer but nil in winter. Litter harbored mites of all 27 families and hypopal stage which was not found in feather and food. The percentage of mites and hypopal stage was 89.39% in litter, followed by feather (9.51%) then food (1.1%). Only 6 and 5 families were found in food and feather respectively. Feather of Pekeeny ducks harbored 49.5% of mites while chicken’s feather harbored 42.6%. The percentage of mites in leftover food was 89% while it was 11% in food before feeding. The most common mite families in this study were Acaridae, Glycyphagidae Pyroglyphidae, Cheyletidae, Ascidae and Dermanyssidae.  Declaration of the role of the animals under investigation and their habitat as a source of stored product mites also the dominance of occurrence of the recorded mite families were discussed in details

The study was aimed to shed light upon the factors affecting on the safety and health status of babies of young mothers. The study includes 60 young mothers of ages between 14 to 18 years in Mekka (El-mokarrama). The results showed that 53.33% of the studied cases having normal weights up to delivery and 40% of them were less than 16 years; a trend that make them suffering from several diseases. Results also showed that 60% of young mothers prefer the Governmental hospital for delivery and 83.33% of these cases had only one delivery that achieved normally, while 33.33% of the young mothers having two successive deliveries with a period in between of less than one year.  In spite of the importance of normal breast feeding, it was extended only for 6 months in 48.33% of the cases while 11.66% of young mothers extend breast feeding to one and halve years. A bortion case was occurred in only one case of the tested young mother representing 26.66% and some times it occurs in two cases with a level of 6.66% of the tested sample. Regarding the weight of the babies delivered for young mother they indicate less weight than the normal (2.5 Kg) representing 23.33%, and 73.33% of the babes realize good health status. On the other hand, hepatitis was found to occur with a level 50% and vomiting 21.66% and 11.66% of babies suffering from each of intestinal trends, food allergy and Bronchitis aspects. Food history proved that 66.6% of the young mothers prefer white bread followed by rice (31.67%). The normal bread (Balady) and potatoes showed a level of acceptance of 31.67% and 25% respectively. Young mothers prefer to consume sugars (71.67%) followed by chocolates (51.61) and 68.3% of them prefer to use vegetable oils, while 75% consume poultry / week. The consumption of dairy by young mothers was some what lowered (40%) than that of cheese which was 51.67%. The ratio for ready to eat foods that was found to be accepted by the investigated young mothers was 45% (Tea), 25% (Coffee), 18.3% (carbonated beverages), and 38.3% (Fruit Juices).

This study was carried out to compare, on  the basis of some biochemical nature, five generations of backcrossing resulting from six crosses between  four varieties of durum wheat (M,  W,  S and P) as three crosses  MxW,  MxS, and PxW along with their reciprocals  WxM,  SxM, and WxP. A sufficient knowledge of the biochemical characteristics of the grain and their genetic transmissions, allows their use in selection.  These characteristics can be used as criteria for selection of seeds for more judicious orientation. From the obtained results, a relative variability appeared at the various varieties and their descendants for the studied parameters (the weight of thousand grains, content of protein, moisture content, the volume of sedimentation and capacity of hydration of the gluten). Generally, the studied samples are relatively rich in proteins.  The descendants of cross MxW have on average a significant volume of sedimentation, they can be used for wheat improving.  For the moisture content, cross MxW records the greatest value with a more significant descendants BC5.  With regard to the polymorphism of the glutenines, some bands were transmitted by the recurrent parent varieties used as female parents.

In field study, Eleven mango varieties, (Mangiferae indica L.) at Sharkia, Ismailia, and Fayoum Governorates, were examined to estimate the population fluctuation of the bud mite Eriophyes mangiferae Sayed, their susceptibility to mite infestation, the relation between the mite infestation and chemical contents of mango buds and the correlation between the bud mite and malformation disease. The highest population occurred during Sept. to Jan. or Feb. and the lowest population was existed during Mar. to Jun. Temperature and relative humidity had no significant effect on the mite population. The highest level of mite infestation was recorded at Sharkia followed by Fayoum and Ismailia Governorates. Mango varieties were differed in their susceptibility to E. mangiferae infestation. Zebda, Taimour, Ewais and Arnaba were the most susceptible varieties, while Mabrouka, Company, Excellent Succari and White Succari were the least susceptible ones. On the other hand Mesk, Geolck and Alphonse varieties showed moderate susceptibility to mite infestation. Buds of some high susceptible varieties possessed a lower values of total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars than some moderate or susceptible varieties to mite infestation. Phenol contents recorded a higher levels in the most of susceptible varieties while a lower levels were found in the most of moderate and low susceptible varieties. The total soluble proteins and amino acids recorded a higher values in some susceptible varieties. The susceptible characteristic was positively correlated with total soluble proteins and amino acids while negatively correlated with the total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars. However the phenol content showed no clear trend. Obtained results also revealed that mango varieties had varying degrees of floral malformation, Company, Alphonse and Geolck were the most susceptible varieties, while Zebda var. was the most resistant one. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between the eriophid bud mite and the incidence of malformation disease. Zebda var. harboured the highest number of mites but exhibited the lowest percentages of malformation, whereas the opposite trend was observed with company var

From infected pink and spiny bollworm larvae, collected from Qualyobia Gover-norate, Egypt, 13 bacterial isolates belonging to 7 species were detected. The effi-ciency of these bacterial isolates was evaluated on newly hatched pink and spiny bollworm larvae. Three bacterial species, namely, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Serratia grimesii and Cellulomonas flavigena had no efficiency. Meanwhile, four other en-tomopathogenic isolates bacterial species, Pseudomonas pyrrocinia (A1), Serratia marcesens (M3), Serratia rubidaea (E3) and Bacillus thuringiensis (S2) had notice-able efficiency. The efficiency of these isolates was compared to two commercial products, Dipel 2X and Protecto. Biochemical studies showed differences in total proteins bands patterns in uninfected and infected larvae.