Field experiment was carried out on one of the turf (lawn) , category  (Passpalm 10) to study the effect of irrigation systems on soil moisture distribution in the root zone. Experimental plot area was (4.5*4.5  ), soil media used was sandy soil and three treatments (spray, sub surface drib irrigation (SDI) , hydrogel) irrigation and every treatment replicated three times . Results of this research could be summarized as follows:  Annual water consumption was less by 77.3%, 71.3% when using hydrogel material, compared with other irrigation systems (spray, and SDI) resp. , this is due to the quantity of loss water from evaporation in spray irrigation treatment , where evaporation parameters are more effective than the others (SDI, hydrogel) irrigation treatments.   The hydrogel treatment has highest water saving by 170% ,300% compared with (SDI and spray) irrigation treatments , because the hydrogel's ability to hold water and has a large period between irrigation when using hydrogel in the soil .   The SDI treatment has highest electrical saving by 520% ,55% compared with (spray and hydrogel ) irrigation treatments resp.   The turf quality index (color, density, ground cover ) give high degree at hydrogel treatment compared with others, this is due to the hydrogel has many materials , both nat urally occurring and synthetic and ability of water saving around root zone of turf .  The average of soil moisture contents at (10cm and 15cm) depth of soil under hydrogel treatment was highest compared with (Spray and SDI) irrigation systems  resp.

Field experiments were conducted in El-Bosaily farm in the Northern Coastal of Egypt during summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to study the response of the single Cross 10 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid to three sowing dates (1st of May, 1st of June and 1st of July) and three levels of irrigation; 60%, 80% and 100% of irrigation requirements (IR) which applied by drip irrigation system. The experimental design was split plot with four replications where the sowing dates and the irrigation levels were located in the main plots and the sub-plots, respectively. Germination percentage, vegetative growth, indices yield and yield components and water use efficiency were compared under the various sowing dates and irrigation level treatments. The main results were as follows: Vegetative growth traits, yield and water use efficiency of maize were decreased as sowing date delayed beyond the 1st of May. Sowing maize seeds at 1st of July gave the lowest vegetative growth traits and productivity compared to the other sowing dates during both seasons. Meanwhile application of 60% (IR) decreased vegetative growth traits as well as grain yield. Nevertheless, the 100% (IR) irrigation treatments gave the highest vegetative traits and grain yield. In contrary, results showed that the 60% (IR) irrigation requirement gave the highest water use efficiency (WUE). Increasing irrigation water above 60% (IR) led to decrease the values of water use efficiency. Meanwhile, the  highest water use efficiency was obtained from the first sowing date (1st May) followed by the second sowing date (1st June) while the lowest value was obtained by the third sowing date (1st July).

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm at Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University (loam soil); to study herbigation managements for maximizing green beans crop productivity under drip irrigation system. Two application techniques were used for weed control with pre-emergence Pendimethalin herbicide (Stomp 50% EC), the first application technique was injection herbicide through drip irrigation systems (surface and sub-surface) with three concentrations (100%, 75% and 50%) of herbicide recommendation dose (1.7 L/ fed) using venture device, secondly by conventional spraying using knapsack sprayer and control without treatment. The results showed that the best water application efficiency was (96%) and the highest value of water distribution uniformity was (95%) achieved with Sub surface-drip irrigation system. The best weeds control efficiency was (82%) achieved with injection herbicide through sub surface-drip irrigation system with 75% - (1.28 L/fed) - of the herbicide recommendation dose in compare with other treatments, which maximized the benefit from the applied herbicides and obtained high productivity and an export product with high quality. According to the obtained results herbigation with sub-surface irrigation system is an excellent method of controlling weeds for the growers with good management.

This work aimed to study the effect of FYM rates (0, 10 & 20 m3 fed-1) and application in time of N fertilizer on maize grain yield and its attributes using single cross hybrid 130 at two field experiments. The technique of treatment - trait (TT) biplot graph was used to study the interrelationships among maize traits. The Results showed that application of 10 or 20 m3 FYM and adding the recommended N fertilizer on these doses with first, second or third irrigations gave highest values for the grain yield and most agronomic traits. It is obvious that the highest correlation coefficients were obtained between grain yield and each of number of ears plot-1 (NE),ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED) and 100 kernel weight (KW),under Gemmeiza location, while the traits of days to 50%tassiling and silking, plant height (PH), ear height (EH),   number of ears plot-1 (NE) and 100 kernel weight (KW) were the most associated traits with grain yield under Sids location. Using the TT biplot graph, results revealed that the best performance treatments for most studied across the two locations were the application (T11) before as well as application (T10). The results showed that TT biplot graph was an effective statistical tool to study the effects of treatments on yield and its attributes and also to discover the interrelationships among these traits. Accordingly, the maize breeder should give interest in the interrelationships among grain yield and its attributes when planning the breeding program.

The aim of this study was to in vitro evaluate encapsulated probiotic supplementation to ruminant rationson degradation and fermentation parameters. The ration consisted of 40% alfalfa hay and 60% concentrate feed mixture. Encapsulated and not encapsulated probiotic were supplemented with level of 106cfu/kg of the total dry matter of ration (DM) and compared with encapsulation media (Sodium Alginate, SA) and control (not supplemented ration). DM and OM degradation and total gas production as well as fermentation parameters of the incubated samples were determined after 24 h of fermentation. Significant (P<0.01) increases in in-vitro DM degradability was observed for the experimental ration supplemented with encapsulated or not encapsulated probiotics at levels (106 CFU/ kg DM) and SA treatment compared to control ration. Also, significant (P<0.05) improvement in OM degradability was recorded for the ration supplemented with not encapsulated probiotics bacteria compared to the other treatments. Moreover no significant differences were observed between the control ration and the rations supplemented with encapsulated probiotics or SA only, as well as no significant difference was recorded between the ration supplemented with encapsulated probiotics and the ration supplemented with SA only. Probiotics bacteria supple mentation in the form of not encapsulated probiotic resulted significant increases in in vitro total gas production per sample and per g DM, OM, dDM, NDF and ADF after 24 hours incubation period compared to the other experimental rations (control, encapsulated probiotic and SA). While significant increase in total gas production per g dOM was observed for not encapsulated probiotic compared to encapsulated probiotic only. It could be concluded that, using encapsulated probiotics bacteria had no significant effect on DM degradability and may be induce decrease in gas production and fermentation parameters.

In the present study, two molecular biology tools based on DNA were compared in the differentiating between some microbial strains isolated from soil. Two types (16SrRNA and 18SrRNA) of ribosomal RNA genes were used for identification of the four bacterial and three fungal isolates, respectively. The identified microbial isolates were submitted in GenBank as strains of Escherichia coli MSL-19 (LC455952.1); Bacillus sp. MSLB-1 (LC455953.1); Bacillus sp. MSLB2 (LC455954.1); Bacillus sp. MSLB3 (LC455955.1); Penicillium sp. MLSP1 (LC455956.1); Aspergillus niger MLSAs1 (LC455958.1); Aspergillus sp. MLSAs2 (LC455959.1). The DNA obtained from the seven microbial strains was used as templates for RAPDPCR differentiating in the presence of eight random primers. Electrophoresis analysis was performed, and on scoring, the identity percentages between the bacterial and fungal strains were separately analyzed. A percentage of 82-83% was recorded between the E. coli and the three Bacillus strains, while, identities of 93-98% were recorded between the three Bacillus strains. Similar trend (90-96%) was observed between the Penicillium and Aspergillus strains. Results confirmed that identities based on the two ribosomal RNA genes (82-98%) was higher than that of RAPD-PCR (70.0-79.7%), and this is because of ribosomal RNA genes are in limited sizes (~1500-1600 bp) and specific for differentiating species, while RAPD-PCR tool depends on using some random primers could be recorded on the whole genome. The phylogenetic trees based on the two molecular  tools supported the obtained results. As a conclusion, tools of RAPD-PCR and ribosomal RNA genes were successfully used to identify and detect the genetic variability of microbial strains isolated from soil.

The aim of this work is developing and evaluating an automated measurement and system datalogger for continuous monitoring of solar hot air drier for natural convection solar cabinet drier. Measurements includes monitoring of drying process for sliced Banana (Musa acuminata) relation to weather parameters such as ambient air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity which ensures precise measurements and reproduction of experiments. An electronic measurement system was used for measurement of temperature, humidity, air speed, a solar intensity. A programmable microcontroller ship and code were used to control measurement, timing, and data storage twenty-four hours/day. All measurements data was collected and saved in storage memory card. Results showed that the solar drier drying rate achieved (-0.018gH2O/g dm.h), while the drying rate with mean of electrical thermal drier were  (-0.956 018gH2O/gdm.h) at 105°C, (-0.552 018gH2O/g dm.h) at 70°C and (-0.513 018gH2O/gdm.h) at 50°C. The electronic measurement - datalogging system was able to give an accurate measurement and assessment to the drying system and process. It was found that air leakage from the system and poor insulation inhibit the airflow over the solar absorber plate and drying chamber causing thermal leakage form the bottom and drier sides. It was recommended to supply the solar drier with an air fan, seal the drying air leakage, and air-lock at the entrance to control airflow as well as the temperature of the drying process.

Due to the climatic changes in Egypt, the remarkable population growth and the high demand for water, especially for irrigation water. To rationalize the use of irrigation water, it has been  applied efficient irrigation systems such as trickle irrigation system for irrigating trees and plants by securing the least amount of water for the plant without wasting and saturation of the surrounding area. This study aims to evaluate the performance of some local and imported emitters. In this study, 16 emitters were used (9 imported emitters and 7 local emitters) divided into (9 non-pressure compensating and 7 pressure compensating), for evaluation under different operating pressures (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 bar), in addition to measure the hydraulic performance of the manufacture's coefficient of variation (CV %), emitter flow variation (     %), and the emission uniformity (EU %). The results showed that the highest emission uniformity value for emitters of (OT1, OT2, KF, TKY, CKF and OT3), with discharge of (2) L / h non- pressure compensating (NPC), 4 l/h non-pressure compensating (NPC), 4 l / h pressure compensating (PC), 8 l/ h non- pressure compensating (NPC),  8 l / h pressure compensating (PC) and 16 l / h non-pressure compensating (NPC) respectively, while, the lowest manufacture's coefficient of variation value (CV%), emitter flow variation (     %) were used with 6  emitters in the second part of the laboratory experiment to evaluate the side lines under the length of the hoses (50, 75, 100 m) at a distance between the emitters (4 m), for the calculation of the emission uniformity (EU%), friction  losses and consumption of power. From the last result in laboratory and through evaluation the 6 emitters under study in terms of prices and emission uniformity (EU%), a randomized field study was conducted on the farms where the three emitters (OT2, KF and OT1) under lateral length (50 m) and emitter spacing (4 m). The purpose of the field test was carried out to determine the degree of clogging throughout the operating period (after 2 and 4 years). A field test used an emitter (OT1, OT2 and KF) found for two months and has been used again for two years when farming in the farm was expanded and used four years ago by expanding the farm, the emitter (OT2) clogging ratio was 3.09% within two months, 6.95% within two years and 10.49% within 4 years, the emitter (OT1) clogging ratio was 5.26% within two months, 11.11% within two years and 17.64% within 4 years, the emitter (KF) clogging ratio was 6.83% within two months, 13.63% within two years and 20.96% within 4 years. The results showed that the lowest degree of clogging ratio of the emitter (OT2) was within two months of operation. In general, and as expected, the results indicate that clogging ratio increased with increasing the time of installation of the field emitter and the range of factors affecting the periodic maintenance and design of good and components of irrigation network with high quality and ratio of manufacture's coefficient of variation (CV%).

Moringa olifera Lam. which called "Miracle tree" was an enormous usage of medical, nutritional and economic benefits so its leaves and roots extracts were vitro examined for phytochemicals contents, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell line. Leaves and roots both extracts were estimate using 2,2-di phenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine phenolic and flavonoids compounds. The leaves  aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts  contained a significantly (p<0.05) more phenolic compounds than root extracts, while roots ethyl acetate extracts were significantly more active  in DPPH assay comparing with aqueous extracts . However, the leaves aqueous extract and roots ethyl extracts were contained high values flavonoids compound but in case of phenolic compounds the aqueous roots ex tract recorded the greatest highest number followed by the leaves ethyl acetate extract. The ethyl acetate extractions for leaves and roots have a high inhibition percentage against breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line comparing with aqueous extracts.

The antiviral role of Moringaoleifera leaves extracts ((chloroform (CL), Ethyl acetate (E.A), methanol 80% (M) and n.butanol (n.b) to control Coxsackie B (COX-BV) viral infection was monitored in vitro compared with human interferon alpha (IFNᾰ2a) in order to evaluate the antiviral activity of moringa leaves extracts. The phenolic compound was given higher conc. in E.A. extracts. Cytotoxicity was determined for Moringa leaves extracts on viability of HEP2 cell using MTT assay. The 98μg/ml concentrations for four extracts were considerably non-toxic for HEP2 cell line culture. Antiviral activity in Moringa extracts may be attributed to phenolic compounds and / or as a result of stimulation of COX-BV-sensitive HEP2 cells to express MX protein. Antiviral activity of Moringa leaves extracts compared with IFNᾰ-2a to cell lines against COX-BV viral infection was determined by assessment of the COX-BV virus infectivity titer declining rate and relative residual living cell count using End Point Assay, using three ways pretreatment, co-treatment and post-treatment cell line treated with Moringaextracts. It was found that the extract acetyl acetate was better as an MX gene expression level compared with its level in control cells. It was concluded that Moringaleaves extracts have antiviral activity against COX-BV.