This research aims to study the possibilities or opportunities for developing intra-Arab agricultural trade in order to achieve Arab integration through studying Arab agricultural trade in terms of value development, the extent of export coverage of imports and the structure of trade for various Arab countries. The Arab countries rely heavily on nonArab countries to fill this gap. It shows the low volume of trade in Arab inter-Arab agriculture and the increasing dependence of Arab countries on nonArab countries to obtain it. However, despite the large scale of these efforts, the volume of intraArab agricultural trade and Arab integration has  remained low In light of the current circumstances, the economies of the Arab countries - as developing countries - face a new economic environment characterized by changes in economic structures and international relations. Therefore, the study of the conditions of Arab agricultural, agricultural and intra-agricultural trade and the impact of contemporary international variables should be explained. For how to achieve Arab agricultural integration in light of the possibilities available, and the variables existing in the international arena.

This study aimed to evaluate seed yield, morphological variability and nutritional quality for two cultivars of Chenopodium quinoa under high saline soil conditions (ECe 22 dSm-1) in Egyptian Northeastern coast. Responses to salinity were greatly differed between the two cultivars. The Peruvian cultivar CICA produced seed yield significantly higher than Bolivian cultivar Real. CICA cultivar also showed significant high performances for most of morphological traits. Among the 10 morphological traits, leaves dry weight, shoot fresh weight and leaves fresh weight showed significant positive association with seed yield. No significant difference has been found between both cultivars for most seed quality traits except for the concentration of crude protein and crude fiber in seeds were significantly higher in CICA cultivar. Although CICA cultivar exhibited significantly higher sodium concentration in the leaves than that found in the leaves of Real cultivar, but it was much more efficient in restricting sodium uploading into seed. These results revealed that the Peruvian cultivar CICA seems to be adaptable and more suited to dry-saline soil in Northeastern coastal region of Egypt, as it gave considerable high seed yield with better quality in terms of high protein and fiber percentage and low Na concentration in seeds.

The present study deal with hydrolysis of lactose by kluyveromyces fragilis that grown in Whey and synthetic mediumandthe effect of incubated temperature and pH on enzyme activity Lactase (ß- galactosidase) that hydrolyze lactose in whey milk and synthetic medium .Also the conversion of glucose that released from lactose hydrolysis by kluyveromyces fragilis into fructose via addition of glucose isomerase. The present work showed that the optimum pH and incubated temperature were (4,35°C) respectively to optimum enzyme activity Lactase with total glucose reached 60.21 mg/ 100ml in whey medium and 58.61 mg/100ml in synthetic medium after 24 hours. In addition fructose content was 48.15 mg/100ml from released glucose in whey milk that confirmed due to the highest sweet syrup. In conclusion, this study indicated that ability of kluyveromyces fragilis to hydrolyze lactose in natural whey milk higher than synthetic medium.

Nanotechnology has become promise field as a new approach for pest managing in recent years. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using aqueous plant extract (Rosmary, Laura and Cardamom) and their concentrations against main stored grain insect pest (Sitophilus granarius), microbial contents and nutritive value. Wheat grain which were treated with Rosmary 5 showed 100% mortality for adults of S. granarius after 120 h., while the same efficacy of Laura5 and Cardamom 5 recorded after 144 h. LC50 and LC90 values of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were identified against S. granarius indicated that the toxicity of AgNPs varied according to the plant extractio and exposure period.The carbohydrate, fiber, fat, protien and ash content of the treated wheat grains were significantly higher than control. While, the microbial contents were not detected after treatments by most AgNPs concentrations. In conclusion, the synthesis of AgNPs with high amounts from each plant extract and lower concentration from AgNo3 (1 µg/ml) can be used as a valuable tool in pest management programs of S. granarius, reducing  microbial content, and increasing the nutrition values, that led to increase shelf life of stored wheat grain. The results showed that these compounds could be used as a source of bioactive compounds safely for ecosystem.

The current study was carried out to check the completion of label information and determine the physico- chemical properties of commercial pesticides samples traded in the Egyptian markets. Twenty-nine market samples were collected during the years 2015 and 2016 for commercial formulations produced by different manufacturers from pesticide shops in four governorates (Cairo, Giza, Qaluobia and Sharqia). The collected samples included 18 preparations in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates(EC), 11 in the form wettable powder (WP). Physico- chemical properties were determined for each formulation according to international standard methods (CIPAC, 2003) through tests of pH value, Persistent Foam, Emulsion Stability, Suspencibility and Wettability. The obtained results showed that although the label data was complete for many of the packages, some information found be missing. The missing information was related to directions for use (4%), safety precautions and first aid (7%), anti-dote (12%), hazard category (6%), Pre-Harvest Interval, (PHI) (17%), registration number (13%) and Batch number (18%). Regarding physico- chemical properties, the obtained data indicated that there was a difference in the percentage of the foam layer for the tested formulations of chlorprifos-ethyl (6 preparations) (Tafaban 48%EC, Pyrifos El-Nasr 48% EC, Pestiban 48% EC, Pyriban-A 48% EC, Chlorfan 48% EC and Chlorzan 48% EC). These preparations were in accordance with international standards in terms of emulsion stability after half an hour, while the mismatching samples showed that the formed layer exceeded the standard volume after two hours of maximum limits, and failed to test emulsion stability after 24.5 hours, as well as in the free oil layer formed at the same time. The results of the emulsion stability tests showed four other tested formulations, namely, lambda chalothrin (Fly Free 5% EC), chlorpyrifos – methyl (Pyrodan 50% EC), and two different formulations for malathion (Agrothion 57% EC and Malason Extra 57% EC), all of which conform to standard specifications in terms of level of foam layer, as well as complete emulsification after half an hour. The cream layer after half an hour was identical. However, the difference and mismatch in three formulations appeared after two hours of emulsification, where the percentage of the cream layer exceeded the allowed limits, and the free oil layer was not conforming to specifications, (after two hours or 24.5 hours). Also, the tested preparations of abamectin (Demectin 1.8% EC and Gold 1.8% EC) and emamectin benzoate (Basha 1.9% EC and Excellent 1.9% EC) have been successful in the tests of Persistent Foam, Emulsion stability (cream layer and free oil layer formed after half an hour and two hours as well as 24.5 hours). Comparing the efficiency of emulsification among other EC formulations including fenitrothion (Sumithion 50% EC), diazinon (Diazinox 60% EC) and profenofos (Sylian 72% EC and Teleton 72% EC) conformed to specifications in terms of level of foam layer. However, both Sumithion and Diazinox failed to stabilize, forming a creamy layer that exceeded the standard the maximum limit after two hours. For WP formulations, some have successfully passed the suspensibility test, while other formulations, including preparations of Bacillus thuringensis bacteria (Agerin 6.5% WP, Dipel 2X 6.4% WP and Protecto 9.4%WP). have not been successful. These results confirm the importance of developing monitoring and surveillance activities for pesticides formulations traded on the market, and to develop special means for checking the quality of products and detecting products that are counterfeit or non-conforming to the declared specifications or National and International standards.

The current study was aim to remediate olive mill waste water (OMWW) to reduce its phenol content and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using fungal isolates. OMWW samples were drawn from the outlet of olive presser at Agriculture Research center, Egypt and characterized. Inoculating 25% diluted waste sample on Potato dextrose agar plates, incubated for 2 weeks at 25oC, resulted in 8 fungal isolates, of which isolate 5 was selected based on its capabilities to degrade phenol and reduce COD, compared to the rest of the obtained isolates. Comparison was conducted between the selected isolate and the fungus Pleurotus columbinus as a reference to test their potencies to degrade phenol and reduce COD in OMWW at concentrations from 100 to 10% over 4 weeks and results showed low degradability and weak tolerance of the two organisms at concentrations from 50 to 100%, while at 40, 30, 20 and 10%, phenol degradation and COD reduction over the 4 weeks treatment were more obvious. At all concentrations P. columbinus showed better competency for phenol degradation and COD reduction than isolate 5. Decolorization and growth of the two organisms were investigated in OMWW at 40 to 10% concentrations. P. columbinus, again, showed better competency over isolate 5 where it 79 and 49% of the color were removed after 4 weeks by P. columbinus and isolate 5, respectively. Total carbohydrate was also determined in the treated OMWW over 4 weeks and results showed it decreased from 6.05 to 5.2g/L in 40% OMWW and from 4.27 to 3.6 g/L in 30% OMWW, while it increased from 3.1 to 4.37g/L in 20% OMWW and from 1.46 to 3.9 g/L in 10% OMWW. Finally, the presence of indol acetic acid and gibberellins in 20 and 10% OMWW was tested as affect by the treatment with P. columbinus over the period of 4 weeks.Results showed that, after 4 weeks, IAA content decreased from 29.4 to 23.25 µg/ml in 20% OMWW, and slightly from 15.6 to 13,15 µg/ml in 10% OMWW. For gibberellins, the change after 4 weeks in 20% OMWW was not significant, that it decreased from 1.36 to 1.25mg, while it increased from 0.667 to 1.58 mg/ml in 10% waste in the same period. It can be concluded that remediating OMWW with P. columbinus can achieve a better results and the treated waste may be suitable for irrigation of crops.

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on adult Kitt Mango Trees to evaluate 4 levels of pruning  pattern (removing one-third, one-half, all branch or without pruning) and 4 types of soil mulching (white plastic, black plastic, rice straw or without soil mulching) on vegetative growth, leaf mineral content ,flowering and yield.   Average shoot length, shoot thickness and average number of shoot / tree of Kitt mangos greatly affected with both pruning pattern and soil mulching, especially with removing of one-third of branch and covering soil with white plastic sheet. However leaf N, P and K contents were improved with both one-third and one-half pruning of branches of Kitt mango trees where both white and black plastic of mulch soil were similar in their effect on leaf NPK content. There were an evident increase in fruit set %, total yield (kg/tree) and marketable yield % with one-third and one-half pruning of branch and also with white and black plastic of soil mulching. The increase of marketable yield% due to these treatments could be attributed to the increase of vegetative canopy of leaves which led to prevent sun burn of fruits and to minimize heat solar effect from the soil and protect the fruits in lower parts of the trees. Fruit chemical constituents including TSS%, acidity and L-ascorbic acid slightly affected with different treatments but one-third and one-half prunning of branch as well as with white and black plastic of soil mulch could be recommended as a good horticulture treatments in Kitt mango orchards

Acute renal failure (ARF) was induced by glycerol or paracetamol in experimental rats to evaluate the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. through different blood biochemical assays and hematological analyses. Results revealed presence of significant (P<0.05) increases in the levels of urea, creatinine, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-) and blood acidity (H+), and significant (P<0.05) decreases in the levels of calcium (Ca+2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the rats treated only with glycerol or paracetamol in the positive control groups compared to the negative control group. These results indicated that glycerol or paracetamol caused ARF in these groups of rats whereas the blood analyses illustrated ARF symptoms such as increasing of urea and creatinine, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, blood acidosis and anemia occurring in the positive control groups.  The blood analyses also illustrated recovery of these symptoms in the treated rats with gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. in drinking water (10% w/v) for 30 days. This indicated the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. against ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol as evidenced by restoring the kidney function tests such as urea, creatinine, blood electrolytes and other parameters like serum glucose, proteins and hematological indices to their normal values during the experiment period. The therapeutic effects of both plants against ARF may be due to their antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activity.

The experiment was carried out at the farm of soils and water research department, atomic energy authority. Inshas (latitude 30°24¢ longitude 31°35¢) altitude is 20 m above the sea level, during (2015/2016) growth season. The treatments of the water (T1,T2,T3), were applied, which was (100%, 80% and 60%), respectively based an estimated amount of applied water to active root depth (ARD) which estimated according to the amount of water depleted from field capacity through ARD. Actual evapotranspiration, yield, crop water use efficiency and active root depth were measured and estimated. The obtained results showed that the highest value of chickpea grain yield was 1218.09 kg/ha under T2  treatment compared with  1170.37 kg/ha and 919.99 kg/ha for (T1, T3) respectively. Also the highest value of crop water use efficiency was btained by T2 which was 0.28 kg/m3 flowed by T3 then T1 which were 0.26 and 0.22 kg m-3 respectively. Difference between the T1,T2 and T3 was found with grain yield and actual evapotranspiration between three treatments. Active root depth reached a maximum value was 71 cm, which approximates the actual value.

Steroid hormones (H) and tetracycline antibiotics (T) are considered two important classes of veterinary therapeutic agents administrated to livestock for different purposes that have been detected for many environmental matrices in wide concentrations range. The effect of progesterone (Pro), androstenedione (4-AD), androstadienedione (1,4-AD) and tetracycline antibiotics namely oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and tetracycline (TC) on arugula plants (Eruca sativa) growth and biochemical composition was investigated. Compost and potassium permanganate were applied to minimizing the negative effect of veterinary therapeutic agentson plant. A pot experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of Agricultural Research Center (ARC) at Giza Governorate, Egypt. Soil fortified with 2 mg kg-1 of H and Ttarget compounds individually and combined was used to study their effect on chlorophyll, proline, catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities as antioxidant enzyme and plant growth. Under this experiment conditions; the obtained results showed that veterinary therapeutic agents caused increased the content of proline, however chlorophyll content was increased as a result of H application and decreased with T application. Both CAT and POD activities were increased, especially with the combined mixture application. Potassium permanganate or compost can be used for remediation procedures in veterinary therapeutic agentscontaminated soils.