s of broccoli using steam or immersion in hot water as traditional technology and storage conditions by either canning or freezing on the content of compounds with antioxidant properties, i.e. vitamin C, carotenoids, chlorophyll, polyphenol and flavonoid compounds parameters was investigated. Results show that the content of carotenoids was 11.41µg/g while the content of chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B was 30.66 and 9.79µg/g, respectively. The content of both carotenoids and total chlorophyll were decreased after being treated prior to different period storage for 3 and 6 month. Fresh broccoli had 40.45µg/g total chlorophyll this content decreased more significantly for the control (fresh broccoli) than for treated and different storage samples. The content of vitamin C was 124.24 mg/100g. Frozen broccoli after blanching by steam and immersion in hot water at 0 times decreased the percent of ascorbic to 83.85 and 75.89%, respectively.  Jarred and canned broccoli with dill, coriander and parsley additives showed decrease in ascorbic acid to 45.98 and 40.55% meanwhile, jarred and canned broccoli without additives decreased ascorbic acid to 43.34 and 39.01%, respectively. Total polyphenols and flavonoids were 276.82 and 7.64 mg/100g on fresh weight. These contents were decreased after processing and different storage conditions. The present of antioxidant activity in fresh broccoli was 75.50%. The degradation of antioxidant activity was increased after 6 month period. The highest degradation observed with canned broccoli without additive while the lowest degradation showed with frozen broccoli blanched by steam which the percents of total antioxidant activities were14.84 and 29.65 %, respectively. The content of ferrous and zinc was 6.4 and 3.9 mg/100g on dry weight. Ferrous increased to 7.0 and 8.4 mg/100g with Jarred with dill, coriander and parsley additives and storage for 3 and 6 month broccoli and to 9.3 and 8.7 mg/100g with canned broccoli with dill, coriander and parsley additives.

The objectives of this research were to investigate physical, chemical and sensory quality attributes and their relation of newly formulated vegan cake. Tiger nut milk (TNM) and alginate-lecithin gel (ALG) were used as the replacement of buffalo, s milk and whole egg at the levels of 50 and 100 %, respectively, in addition to, 50 % mixture (50 % TNM and 50 % ALG) and 100 % mixture (100 % TNM and 100 % ALG) . The results revealed that the lactose content of buffalo, s milk was 5.56%, while, TNM was free lactose. TNM is a good source of many elements as buffalo, s milk such as K, P, Ca, Na and Mg. Whole egg had significantly higher foam capacity than the alginate-lecithin gel . In contrast, alginate-lecithin gel exhibited higher foam stability than whole egg. The foam volume of alginate-lecithin gel characterized with stability during 60 min under testing as compared with whole egg that collapsed after 20 min. Concerning emulsifying activity index (EAI), both ALG and whole egg not showed significant difference (p>0.05). Emulsifying stability index (ESI) of alginate-lecithin gel was stable during 60 min under testing as compared with the whole egg that was stable till 40 min. The presence of replacement increased the batter viscosity at ambient temperature over the control value from 19.65 to 21.71-44.54 poise. Among different replacement, 100 % mixtures showed the highest batter viscosity of 44.54 p followed by 100% ALG (38.72 p), 50% ALG (34.29 p) and 50% mixtures (31.03 p). Control batter had a specific gravity of 0.892 g/cc, whereas batter replacing with 50% ALG, 100% ALG, 50% mixtures and 100 % mixtures had a batter specific gravity of 0.992, 1.009, 1.013 and 1.047 g/cc, respectively. The protein and fat contents of control samples were higher (10.42% and 26.63 %, respectively) than vegan cake samples replaced with TNM and ALG. The total carbohydrate content increased with increasing the replacement levels of TNM and ALG in vegan cake. High staling values (high freshness) of vegan cake samples reached 336.59 % and 334.08 % with vegan cake containing 100 % mixtures and 100 % ALG, respectively, in comparison to the staling of control (299.19 %) at zero time. The lower reduction in staling value was achieved in vegan cake prepared 100 % mixtures and 100 % ALG, since the staling value reduced by 10.29 % and 12.41 %, respectively, in comparison to 15.68 % for control sample after 21 days of storage at room temperature. High stability in specific volume during storage was achieved in the presence of 100 % ALG and 100 % mixture since, the specific volume was reduced by only 7.88 % and 8.83 %, respectively, in comparison to 25.99 % for control sample. The presence of ALG and mixtures decreased the hardness value from 79.46 to 36.28 and 66.11 Newton, indicating improvement in the texture of cake. Cakes containing ALG and mixtures showed lower decrement in moisture content and lower increment in hardness during storage at room temperature. Cake samples prepared with different levels of ALG and mixtures were better quality and showed significantly superior sensory properties scores than cake samples prepared with different levels of TNM which coincided with control sample at zero time. Vegan cake samples stored gave higher values and were be desirable till the end of storage period. Therefore, vegan cake could be successfully made from tiger nut milk and alginate-lecithin gel as the fully replacement of buffalos, milk and whole egg, respectively. In addition to, increase freshness, specific volume and storage at room temperature for 21 days.

Soil fertility management is a key issue for sustaining agricultural production in dry lands. Organic resources are important for nutrient avail-ability and maintenance of soil organic matter. Sustaining fertility of arid soils necessitates in-creasing inputs of organic residues. Two experi-ments with water hyacinth were carried out to monitor (in the first; field study with litter bags) decomposition and changes in N, P, K, Ca and Mg as influenced by method of application where, in the second (greenhouse study) short-term effect on some properties of a sandy soil and early estab-lishment of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Results of the first experiment showed that resi-dues incorporated in the top 0-30cm soil depth had significantly (P≤0.01) increased loss of dry matter weight compared to surface application. Decom-position rate constants of surface and sub-surface application were 0.029% week-1 and 0.041% week-1, respectively. Potassium was the fastest nutrient released with 50% loss attained after the 2nd and 6th week from incorporation and surface application, respectively. Nitrogen, P, Ca, and Mg releases from water hyacinth incorporated in the sub-soil were significantly (P≤ range from 0.0001 to 0.008) high compared to surface application. Nutrients loss was in the order of K =Mg > P > N > Ca. However, results of the second experi-ment showed that incorporation of water hyacinth residues significantly (P ≤ 0.001) decreased pH (by about 27%) and hydraulic conductivity (by 40-46%). Also, cation exchange capacity and organic C were significantly increased by about 23 and 100%, respectively. The study concluded that ap-plication of water hyacinth could be one of the good alternatives for improving quality of arid soils.

Laboratory experiments were carried out to de-termine the bioeffects of an isolate of ento-mopthogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) and Biofly a commercial product of B. bassiana, on the 1st instar larvae of mushroom fly, Bradysia ocellaris (coms). The bioactivity of B. bassiana was tested, using five concentrations of B. bassi-ana on some biological criteria of the mushroom fly, by calculating LC50 values after three and sev-en days of treatment. Results indicated that the mortality rates percentage increased with the in-crease of the concentrations used and the period after treatment. The highest percentage of mortali-ty occurred within the first seven days following treatment. Statistical analysis of the obtained lar-val-pupal and adults period and weight revealed significant differences between treated and non-treated insects.

A total of 3108 records on conception rate (CR) and 2123 on litter size (LS) were used in this study. CR data represented 1600 Damascus (D) does, 201 Barki (BR) does, 229 Baladi (BL) does and 1070 crossbred does between D and each of BR and BL, while LS represented  1070 D does, 128 BR does, 145 BL does and 775 crossbred does.  These records were used to study the effect of crossing and other fixed effects and to estimate heritability of these two traits in the Damascus goats. Statistical models included varying combination of the fixed effects of station, genotypes within station, year of mating, month of mating, and parity and the random effect of animal nested within station, genotype, year of mating   and month of mating. Variance and covariance components for Damascus data were estimated through the Gibbs Sampling technique using a model that included the fixed effects of station, year and month of mating and parity, and the random effects of doe additive genetics and permanent environmental. CR mean in different analyses ranged from 0.39 to 0.63. Damascus, with a range of CR of 0.48 to 0.63, surpassed both local breeds (ranging from 0.33 to 0.58) and was close to the crossbreds that ranged between 0.34 and 0.68.  LS mean ranged from 1.26 to 1.50 in different analyses. Baladi scored the highest in LS (1.49). Damascus ranged from 1.15 to 1.24 in different locations. LS ranged from 1.37 to 1.67 for crossbreds. For both traits there was no clear evidence of the merit of Damascus goats or their crosses over the Barki and Baladi goats. More data taken under sound herd management are needed to clarify the utility of the Damascus and its crosses. Heritability estimates+SE for CR and LT in Damascus goats were 0.03 ± 0.003 and 0.04 ± 0.003, respectively.

Day by day increase the importance of using the natural food additives. Hence in this study, the phenolic extracted from basil leaves, spearmint leaves and fennel seeds, as natural antioxidants, were added at concentrations 200, 400 and 600 ppm from fat weight using in biscuit production. Biscuit was stored at room temperature for 8 months. Induction period was measured by Rancimat apparatus. Total phenolic and phenolic acids were determined. Peroxide value, acid value, thiobarbituric acid and refractive index were measured during storage. Antimicrobial activity of phenolic extraction were examined after 8 months. Sensory evaluation was measured directly after baking. The results showed that total phenolic content in basil leaves, spearmint leaves and fen-nel seeds were 3.97, 1.91 and 1.53 mg/g as caffeic acid equivalents respectively. Five phenolic acids were found in both basil leaves and spearmint leaves, while four phenolic acids were found in fennel seeds as determined by using HPLC. Rancimat results showed that induction period for phenolic herbs could be ranked as follow: basil leaves > spearmint leaves > fennel seeds. The re-sults elucidated that the best concentration from natural additives as antioxidants activity were 400 and 600 ppm compared with BHT. The results revealed that with increasing the concentration of natural antioxidants increased, the more peroxide value, acid value, thiobarbituric acid and refractive index were decreased. Total bacterial count and (yeast & mold) count were decreased with increas-ing the concentration phenolic additives. Sensory evaluation indicated that addition of different anti-oxidants showed no significant differences be-tween control and biscuit samples

The present research aimed to characterize physical and morphological features of thirteen varieties of mandarin as one of the National Gene Bank and Genetic Resources (NGBGR) objectives in Egypt which include also, collection, conserva-tion, characterization, and evaluation of agricul-tural genetic resources. The present study investi-gates the morphological characterization, pollen grain fertility and sterility as well as fruit chemical characterization (vitamin C, PH, T.S.S and acidi-ty) of 13 mandarin varieties (Citrus sp.).Including Balady, Malawy, Chine mandarin, Clementine, Celiopatra, Centra, Satsuma, Tangerine Dancy, El-Shorbagee, Sonbol, Sayed Marri, Abd El-Razik and Aswan. The Physical and morphological char-acterization descriptors revealed differences among varieties. Characterization of tree shape resulted in eight obloid varieties and five were spheroids. Leaf lamina shape morphological char-acteristic studies showed one elliptic variety, three ovate and 9 lanceolate. Fruit shape studies indicat-ed that five varieties were pyriforum, five obloid and three were spheroid. Fruit apex shape demon-strated that seven varieties were depressed, while six were truncate. Differences in flavedo (skin) color among varieties revealed that seven were orange; two were dark orange and one variety for each of (light orange, green yellow, dark yellow and yellow). As to the color of the pulp (flesh), results indicated that two varieties were yellow, 10 were orange and one was orange-red. The average number of carples per fruit ranged 10-14 carple in 9 varieties and from 5-9 carple in four varieties. The average number of seeds per fruit revealed that five varieties had ten to nineteen seeds; three varieties hold 20-50 seeds and two varieties con-tained five to nine seeds, one variety included one to four seeds, while two varieties had no seeds. Other morphological studies are investigated and will be presented. Fruit chemical characterization disclosed that Malawy had the highest vitamin C concentration (44.82 mg/100 ml) whereas both of Celiopatra and Satsuma showed the lowest con-centration (15.0 and 14.0 mg/100 ml, respective-ly).The greatest pH was determined in Abd El-Razik (pH 3.91) variety in contrast to the more acidity (pH 3.12-3.77) found in El-Shorbagee and Chine mandarin juice, respectively. The best total soluble solids were determined in the Abd El-Razik (15.1%), whereas the least ones were found in Satsuma (9.13%). Chine mandarin recorded the highest titratable acidity of 3.88% in contrast to 0.67 % for Sonbol. Studies of pollen grain fertility showed that Celiopatra and Sayed Marri varieties gave the highest pollen fertility (99.84%and 99.44% respectively). Contrarily, the highest pol-len sterility was found in Clementine variety (8.41%).

Different agents were tested as inducing re-sistance factors in tomato plants against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. These agents include ethyl salicylic acid, (0.125 ml/l) jassmonic acid (0.125 ml/L) sincocin solution, (0.1%) agrispon solution (0.1%) water extract of mango malformed inflorescence (7.5%), coconut milk solution (2%) as root dipping during transplanting and spraying after one month from transplanting. Data obtained clearly indicated that sincocin solu-tion, extract of mango malformed inflorescence, agrispon solution and jassmonic acid led to a great reduction in disease severity, number of galls/ root, number of females/ root and number of egg masses/ root, followed by ethyl salicylic acid and coconut milk descending order. All tested agents did not affect juvenile's viability except mango malformed inflorescence extract and coco-nut milk solution which led to slight effect on juvenile viability. All tested agents increased plant growth in the presence of nematode inocula in comparison to untreated plants. In this respect coconut milk solution had the superior effect. Data indicated that the tested agents induced resistance in treated plant and the mechanisms of their mode of action needs further studies.

This work conducted on the research farm of Mallawi Agricultural Research Station, El-Minia Province, Egypt, during two successive seasons of 2004 and 2005 to study the role of the late plant-ings on the productivity of soybean. Three out of four genotypes selected to achieve that goal were new released cultivars, Giza-22; Giza-35; and Gi-za-111, and the commercial one, Crawford, the common parent of the three genotypes, as control. Three planting dates started on June 1st, June 15th for the second date of sowing and ended on June 30th for the third sowing date in both seasons. The package of the recommendations of soybean cul-ture carefully applied to get the best results of each sowing date. The results showed that all of the morphological, yield and productivity traits highly significantly affected by genotype and three out of five morphological traits, number of days to both flowering and maturity and plant height, also high-ly significantly affected by late sowing date. The other two traits, number of branches and leaf area at 75 days just significantly affected by late sow-ing date. In terms of yield and its components traits, only seed index highly significantly affected by late sowing date and yield per plot significantly affected by sowing time. All productivity traits were significantly affected by late sowing date specially the content of both oil and protein. Alt-hough yield per plot was significantly affected by late sowing date, the yield per plant was not af-fected by late sowing date indicating that the fac-tor of time of sowing may affect the rate of the germination and control the stand of the plots. Number of active nodules considered as produc-tivity trait because of the residual nitrogen that remain in the soil after harvest for the next crop. This number was significantly affected by sowing time and reached the highest values in the second date of June 15th that may due to the high tempera-ture at this time which lead to increasing the inter-action between soybean roots and the nodule bac-teria.

Soil solarization in combination with fungal antagonists and soil amendments has been sub-jected to evaluation as a potential disease man-agement strategy for the control of charcoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Solarization alone or in combination with Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Emericella nidulans singly or in mixed inocula reduces dis-ease incidence from 30 % (control) to 80%, 91 %, 82 % and 85% respectively. It is noted that while pairing improved the biocontrols potentiality of E. nidulans by increasing the number of healthy plants in both unsolarized and solarized soils it leads to decrease in the biocontrol potentiality of T. pseudokoningii. On the other hand the combina-tion of solarization with soil amendment with Eu-calyptus powdered leaves showed a synergistic effect by increasing number of healthy plants from 65 % in amended unsolarized soil to 77 % in amended solarized soil.