Water is one of the most important inputs and elements of development, and the importance of water in Egypt is increasing due to the lack of resources and increased demand in recent periods, where rain is scarce and covers most of its deserts. The River Nile is the main water supplier in the Arab Republic of Egypt, where the share of the river about 55.5 billion cubic meters per year, and the problem is limited to the study of the current and future use of water, while Egypt suffers from the constant amount of water available to cover these uses, The high rates of Egyptian population growth, with Egypt's share of water remaining constant, and hence the problem of water shortage, is a threat to the national economy in general and the agricultural sector in particular. The aim of the  study is to use water for the time being and to work to increase the efficiency of water use in future years The study shows that the quantities of water used in irrigation for agricultural crops in Aswan fluctuated between the minimum and the decrease, ranging between a minimum of about 40.1 billion m3 in 2012 and a maximum of about 62.1 billion M3 in 2008 with an annual average of about 50.48 billion m3 during the same period. And the study of the equation of the general time trend for the quantities of water used for irrigating agricultural crops in Aswan and it shows that there is no mathematical picture suitable for the nature of the data and that the data revolve around the mean arithmetic.

The traditional feed industry is based on concentrated raw feed materials and may be rich in energy or protein. The feed is a homogeneous mix of raw feed materials with some mineral salts and may be supplemented by some food additives such as vitamins, antibiotics, urea, antioxidants etc. In a soft or treated with steam and molasses and pressed into cubes, cylinders, granules or other forms. In view of the State's attention to livestock, in addition to increasing the demand for animal products for higher living standards and increased awareness of food, the feed industry is expected to rise in the next few years. The problem of the study is limited to the impact of the agricultural production market in Egypt on many local and international economic variables, which causes fluctuations in the supply and demand of these products in the local market and foreign markets. Egypt suffers from a deficit in its trade balance of agricultural inputs. In this deficit,  as well as the decrease in the amount of concentrated fodder, mainly maize and the quantity produced from processed fodder, which also depends mainly on maize, especially poultry feed, which forms yellow maize 75% of the ingredients and therefore. The burden on the trade balance increases, especially as the dollar rises. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the economic indicators of the processed animal feed and poultry in Egypt. The study is based on the use of descriptive statistical methods (statistical measures) and quantification of averages and percentages as well as the work of the model of the variables studied and forecasting. The current model consists of four equations. The first is the formula of local production of processed feeds. Processed, the third equation is the formula of imports of processed feeds, the fourth equation is processed feed exports.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of feeding on defatted soy bean and flaxseed flour as protein and phytoestrogen sources; broccoli and red cabbage as antioxidant sources; in addition to skimmed milk powder as a calcium source in prevention of bone loss and cell damage that usually accompanies aging process. Raw materials were subjected to proximate analysis and biologically evaluation on ninety six 4 month aged female albino rats. Eight rats were regarded as an initial group. Other eight rats were hold as a normal negative control group and fed on a basal diet. The remaining rats were ovariectomized and fed on low calcium diet for 8 weeks to produce osteoporosis model. Osteoporotic rats were divided into 9 groups (each of 8 rats) fed on standard diet supplemented with: I) soy bean flour, II) soy bean flour and broccoli, III) soy bean flour and red cabbage, IV) soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage, V) defatted flaxseed, VI) defatted flaxseed and broccoli, VII) defatted flaxseed and red cabbage, VIII) defeated flaxseed and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Skimmed milk powder and vitamin D were added to the diet of each tested group. One group was kept as a positive control and fed on a standard diet. The results showed a decreases in body weight, changes in relative weight of kidney and liver organs, physical properties of bone, also decreases in serum and bone minerals including; calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in osteoporotic model .A decreasing in estradiol and increasing in parathyroid hormone as a bone marker were also found. Results observed in tested groups showed that the highest recovery for the parameters were found in group IV which fed on standard diet supplemented with soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage followed by group VIII which fed on standard diet supplemented with defatted flaxseed and a mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Therefore, it could be concluded that the aforementioned mixtures may be a promising sources to produce a functional food for prevention of bone loss and cell damage.

Egyptian orange is one of the most important agricultural crops export, which can contribute to the increase of foreign exchange of agricultural exports, where the Egyptian orange is in the first place for fruit export Egyptian exports, Accordingly, the aim of the research was to identify the main import markets of the Egyptian orange crop to study the external demand of Egyptian oranges for these markets and to determine the factors affecting the Egyptian oranges in the most important import markets and to identify the most important countries competing for Egypt in the most important importing markets. A study of the geographical distribution of Egyptian orange exports revealed that the Russian Federation, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the main importing markets for Egyptian orange. Egypt's exports of orange to these markets reached 461.7 thousand tons, representing about 53.5% of the average quantity of Egyptian orange exports during the period (2013-2017), Egypt's exports of orange to these markets amounted to about 254.4 million dollars, representing about 51.6% of the average value of Egyptian orange exports during the period studied. A study of the demand for Egyptian oranges for the most important import markets showed that the price elasticity of the Dutch market was high Which means that demand for oranges in the Netherlands market is elastic Compared to the Russian market, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, where demand for Egyptian oranges  Inelastic request,  Therefore, the price of export of Egyptian oranges to the Netherlands should not be maintained To maintain Egypt's market share in this market.

Due to deleterious impacts of broomrapes against the host plants, its combating is ‎essential for sustaining crop productivity. Thus, two–year field trail was conducted at ‎El Nubaria experimental farm, National Research Centre, Egypt, on two faba bean ‎genotypes (Misr–3 and Sakha–1) to investigate the importance of butyl–iso–butyl ‎phthalate as an activator for broomrape germination in comparison to glyphosate and ‎unweeded. Findings revealed that glyphosate in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons in ‎addition to butyl–iso–butyl phthalate in 2016/17 season caused significant reductions ‎in broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–infected faba bean plants plot−1 ‎compared to the unweeded. Plots of Misr–3 genotype treated with butyl–iso–butyl ‎phthalate in both season as well as plots of Misr–3 or Sakha–1 sprayed by glyphosate ‎in the first season achieved the maximum seed yield of faba bean. Since butyl–iso–‎butyl phthalate exhibits suicidal germination of broomrape seeds, it can be exploited ‎as an effective and helpful tool in integrated management programs of broomrape in ‎faba bean fields. ‎ Due to deleterious impacts of broomrapes against the host plants, its combating is ‎essential for sustaining crop productivity. Thus, two–year field trail was conducted on ‎two faba bean genotypes (Misr–3 and Sakha–1) to investigate the importance of ‎butyl–iso–butyl phthalate as an activator for broomrape germination in comparison to ‎glyphosate and unweeded. The trail design was a strip–plot in completely randomized ‎block design in six replications. Genotypes occupied the vertical main plots as well as ‎broomrape control treatments distributed in horizontal ones. Results showed that ‎broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–infected faba bean plants plot−1 ‎markedly responded to weed control and genotype and their interaction in both ‎seasons, except numbers of broomrape–infected plants of faba bean genotypes plot−1 ‎in 2016/17 season. Also, findings revealed that glyphosate in 2015/16 and 2016/17 ‎seasons in addition to butyl–iso–butyl phthalate in 2016/17 season caused significant ‎reductions in broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–infected faba bean ‎plants plot−1 compared to the unweeded. In plots of Misr–3 or Sakha–1, glyphosate ‎was the potent practice for reducing broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–‎infected faba bean plants plot−1 in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons, with no significant ‎differences with butyl–iso–butyl phthalate application in 2016/17 season. There were ‎no noticeable variations between weeded practices and genotypes and their interaction ‎on total dry weight of faba bean plants estimated at 105 DAS, in both seasons, except ‎glyphosate x Misr–3 interaction in the first season only. Plots of Misr–3 genotype ‎treated by butyl–iso–butyl phthalate in both season as well as plots of Misr–3 or ‎Sakha–1 sprayed by glyphosate in the first season achieved the maximum seed yield ‎of faba bean. Since butyl–iso–butyl phthalate causing suicidal germination of ‎broomrapes seeds, it can be exploited as an effective and helpful tool in broomrape ‎management programs in faba bean fields. Genotype; Orobanche spp; Parasitic ‎weeds; Suicidal germination; Vicia faba ‎

As the impact of upcoming climate change scenarios on livestock feeding security (quality, availability, and price), applying alternative feedstuffs is a must. Fattening calves considered as a most process related to traditional feeding system. In the present study we purposed new feedstuffs for fattened calves consisting citrus pulp silage, wheat germ, barley sprout and molasses. Within the above feedstuffs we using mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments. Moreover, the present study evaluates the production performance of 14 male cross Friesian calves (7 per each group) for adding 10ml/calve/day probiotic ZAD in treated group. Weight data where used to calculate Average Daily Gains ADG, nutrients digestibility, boneless meat percent, and feed conversion rate. From our results applying probiotics (ZAD) increased significantly (P<0.05) ADG in the hall fattened period by 1.011±0.107 kg/calve/day and 0.886±0.107kg/calve/day, also, increased the percent of boon less meat from 51.097±1.140 % and 44.410±1.518% in the treated control group respectively. Applying probiotic increasing significantly (P<0.05) digestibility of nutrient detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber by 42.853±7.092 and 54.010±3.774 in treated group compared with 25.180±7.902 and 37.679±3.774 respectively. Based on the results of the present study concluded that the effect of probiotic treatment on feed conversion rate of intake nutrients showing significant different (P<0.05) in Total Intake of Digestible Nutrients TDNI was higher in control group (4.579) compared with treated group (3.305). However, Dry Matter Intake DMI and Crud Protein Intake CPI tended to be higher in control group compared with treated group. In conclusion applying probiotics in agriculture byproduct silage in presence of sprout, molasses and wheat germ results in improving in nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and feed conversion rate of fattened calves. Based on our results we recommend such feeding system as a solution in calves' meat production to facing the upcoming climate change scenarios (i.e. direct and indirect effects on livestock sector.

The poultry industry in Egypt is one of the most important industries that contribute in providing the source of animal protein, which is characterized by high nutritional value, cheap price and high conversion coefficient of food compared to red meat. This industry is characterized by several characteristics, the most important speed of turnover of capital as well as not need a large agricultural patch, In addition to the relative increase in food conversion efficiency compared to other types of animals. The industry is also characterized by high return and low capital required to invest in this field compared to other productive projects. The problem of research is the high price of the prices of the inputs of the production of poultry and the low quality of the market, and fluctuation of market prices of the final output, which affects the revenue and thus affect the size of the economic project. Therefore, the study aimed at estimating the economic yield of the poultry farms in the fattening nurseries in Qalyubia governorate. These farms are characterized by a short cycle of the capital cycle in order to contribute to raising the level of individual income in the rural sector. It also provides job opportunities for young people. Of the animal protein, and based on published data and the use of field study for a sample of the municipality of Qalyubia, the research reached some results, including:  1- The average number of farms of broiler fattening was about 1.6 thousand farms by 6.67% of the total number of farms at the level of the province of Qalyubia. 2- The study of the most important problems and obstacles facing the poultry growers found that the problems of production and marketing were the high prices of chicks used in fattening, lack of quality chick, high feed prices, the lack of trained labor, the problem of control of traders and brokers in price, and the problem of irregular market price . 3- By dividing the sample of the study into three production capacities, it was found that the net yield of the first capacity (12.9-6 thousand birds) amounted to 308.9 thousand pounds / cycle, and net return of the second capacity (less than 6 thousand - more than 3.6 thousand birds) LE 323.2 thousand / cycle, while it amounted to about 274.1 thousand pounds / cycle for the third capacity (3.6 - 0.8 thousand birds). 4- The estimated profitability of the pound for the investor for the three capacities (first, second and third) was respectively 1.05, 1.12, 1.31 thousand pounds.

A total of 12, 36-week-old of Muscovy drakes were divided randomly into three equal groups (4 individuals each) and subjected to supplementation of VE-Se in combine form in drinking water. The first group was served as control group (C), while the second and third groups (T1 and T2) were supplemented with 1.0g/l and 1.5g/l of VE-Se in drinking water, respectively. The study was performed at poultry research station which belongs to department of poultry production, faculty of agricultural, Ain Shams University and lasted 30-dayes period during summer season. Semen quality traits in terms of ejaculate volume (ml), spermatozoa concentration (×109), sperm motility (%), dead and live (%), PH value and abnormal sperms (%) were determined. Sperm reserves in ducts, seminiferous tubules diameter (STD) and relative spermatogenic activity were also studied. The obtained results indicated that addition of vitamin E-Se improved ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and motility score, while reduced the percentage of abnormalities and dead sperms. Results showed that semen ejaculate volume was significantly increased (P<0.05) with increasing the level of VE-Se supplementation in drinking water. Spermatozoa concentration, progressive motility (%), and packed sperm volume were increased significantly with VE-Se treatment. The percentages of dead and abnormal spermatozoa were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in VE-Se treated compared with the control drakes. Concerning with the effect of two levels (T1 and T2) of VE-Se supplementation in drinking water of Muscovy drakes on the morphometric traits of testis, the obtained results showed that highly significant effects of antioxidant (VE-Se) supplementation on the morphometric of seminiferous tubules (p < 0.05) and the higher values of sperm reserves and spermatogenic activity percentage in both T1 (4.4/ml×109 and 82.8%) and T2 (4.5/ml×109 and 83.0%) compared with control group (3.2/ml×109 and 61.3%). We conclude that VE-Se supplementation could lead to greater economic benefits through increased reproductive efficiency within the ducks production industry.

The main goal of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of broiler strain and source of drinking water on some performance traits (body weight and carcass traits). Sample of water were taken from two different location sources, Giza governorate (as Nile water) and Qalubia governorate (as well water or ground water). Three different broiler strains were used in this study (Arbor acres, Hubbard and Cobb). Lead concentration (as a heavy metal element) and bacteriological analysis (total bacteria and fecal coliforms) in both water and carcass were carried out. The main results obtained can be summarized as follow: Arbor acres strain recorded the heaviest body at most ages compared to the other strains, the difference was highly significant at 5 and 6 weeks of ages. Total bacteria were significantly high in ground water compared to Nile water. Conversely, Coliforms bacteria count was significantly high in Nile water compared to ground water source. Regardless strain type, high positive correlation between lead concentration in drinking water and lead concentration in liver, kidney and carcass weight was observed

Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from fifty clinical samples collected from Ain Shams University Hospitals (March - July 2016) and identified using biochemical and microbiological tests. PCR was performed using specific primers to determine the isolates of Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) based on the presence of mecA gene. Thirty-four isolates from total fifty isolates (68%) were identified as MRSA isolates. To study the genotoxicity for this isolates, forty-five mice were injected with these MRSA isolates and comet and micronuclei assays were performed on mice liver tissues and bone marrow respectively. These assays revealed 24% - 22% DNA damage as an indicator for chromosomal breakage by comet and micronucleus assays respectively which indicate that infection with these isolates leads to mutations. Studying these isolate furthermore will give an insight on how critical maintaining high standard hygiene in Egyptian hospitals and attention to infection control system can prevent occur of outbreaks