This study aims to study the estimation of production cost functions as it reflects the relationship between total costs and actual production. The main economic indicators that reflect the extent to which the agricultural production units achieved economic efficiency in their use of the productive resources involved in the production process as well as the extent to which they are achieved These units of maximizing the profits of the agricultural product, as well as the study of production costs and the associated indicators are important both on the productivity unit or at the national level, which can be used in the design and analysis of price policies and help the user Farmers in their productive decision-making, which would encourage producers to continue production or stop production. As well as to determine the volume of production that maximizes profits and thus achieve economic efficiency of the use of productive elements.

Egyptian radish sterilized seeds were sprouted for 3 days using tap and saline water NaCl 2000 ppm to study sprout characters, chemical composition, protein fraction and safety aspects such as microbiological examinations and biogenic amines were investigated at 3 days old. The results indicated that sterilized seeds increased sprout growth compared with non-sterilized. Seeds sprouting increased in protein content, moister, ash and fibers while carbohydrate, lipid content and energy decrease in etiolated sprouts. Using saline water and seeds sterilization for sprouting increased albumin, globulin and glutenin fractionation but decreased prolamin compared with sprouts produced with tap water and without seed sterilization.  Using sterilization by 2% calcium hypochlorite of seeds before sprouting led to decreasing in total bacterial count compared with non-sterile seeds sprouts, the same was in total coliform, total yeast and total fungi counts. The sprouts product which washed with saline water was contain total bacterial count less than which washed by tap water. All sprouts under investigation were free from feacal coliform and all examined pathogenic microorganism under investigation like Staph. aureus, B. cereus and Salmonella spp.  Use sterilized seeds for sprouting caused big decrement on biogenic amines content of radish sprout. Radish sprout contain biogenic amines but it is lower than previous ranges, sprouts can be considered a safe food and germination of seeds either use tap or saline water.

Productivity efficiency is defined as a measure of the efficiency or efficiency of a particular production component of the production component when used with other elements. This section will address the estimation of the production functions and production efficiency of onion crop in Beni Suef Governorate. Problem and purpose of research To identify the most important problems and obstacles faced by onion production farmers in Beni Suef Governorate Of its strategic importance in Beni Suef Governorate. In light of this, the study aimed to identify the most important problems and problems faced by onion farmers in Beni Suef Governorate, the development of Egyptian onion production. Studying the functions of producing onion crop in sandy  soils to find out the most important elements of production that affect its production. Study the cost functions of the onion crop in the land to the sandy to find out the most important elements of production that affect the production. The total production elasticity was 1.12, with production elasticity in the first 0.77 category, while the second category production flexibility was 1.2. Where the productive flexibility in the third category was 1.01. The cost categories revealed that the total cost elasticity was 0.23, with cost elasticity in the first category of 0.09, indicating the elasticity of the costs of the second category 2.1, where the elasticity of the costs of the third category was 0.30.

The effect of prior heat shock on the thermotolerance of Staphylococcus aureus in broth culture and induction of heat shock proteins was investigated. S . aureus cell wall was, also, examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Specific bacteria were grown at 37°C the optimum temperature (control), sublethally heated at 47, 52, 57 and 60°C for various times, and heat treated at 68°C were done. The estimated average of the D68-values for the control was 4.83 min while for heat shocked treatments ranged from 5.43 to 10.23 min. The current results, also, indicated that 8 - 16 new bands were induced by applying heat shock treatments with molecular weights ranged from 9 to 135 KDa. The induced heat shock proteins further confirmed the increased the thermotolerance. Moreover, selected heat shock treatments caused severe destruction in cell wall (i.e., rupture, irregular and leakage of cell contents), while heat shocked cells after incubating at 37°C for overnight in enriched medium became similar to that of the one’s normal. The enhanced heat resistance of S. aureus should be thought-about in cause of planning effective thermal processes to confirm the microbiological food safety.

Sweet whey was used as medium for microbial alginate production by Azotobacter chrococcum NCBI MH249629. To optimize alginate production and achieve high yield of alginate, sweet whey medium was prepared using different lactose concentrations (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 g/L), added organic and inorganic nitrogen sources (yeast extract, Malt extract, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate), kept at different temperatures (25, 30, 32, 35 & 37ºC), different pH values (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),  different agitation speed (100, 120, 150, 170 & 200 rpm), different inoculum size (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10%) and cultivated for different fermentation time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 & 120h). After fermentation time, produced microbial alginate was measured. The results showed that sweet whey could be used as a fermentation medium by Azotobacter chrococcum to produce microbial alginate. The highest yield of alginate (12.56%) as well as productivity of alginate (0.08 g/L/h) was obtained by fermentation of Azotobacter chrococcum in sweet whey medium optimized to 45 g/L lactose concentration as a carbon source and by providing the following conditions which yeast extract 1.5 g/L and ammonium nitrate 0.1 g/L as a nitrogen source and growth promoter, Na2HPO4 1 g/L as mineral salts, Initial pH at 7, size of standard inoculums was 9 % of fermentation medium and the incubation period was 72 hrs.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ensiling and /or exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation date press cake using in vitro batch culture technique . Untreated date press cake (DPC) and ensiled DPC with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (ZAD1 and ZAD2) and with or without adding urea compared to corn grains were in vitro evaluated using batch culture technique. DM, NDF and ADF degradation and total gas production as well as fermentation parameters of the incubated samples were determined after 24 h of fermentation. Total VFAs, proportions are not affected (P > 0.05) by any of the treatments. However, value of ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.05) with ZAD2+U group and urea group than date press cake (DPC). The pH value was highest (P>0.05) with the ensiling treatments. There were no significant differences in the values of DMD and OMD between the different treatments. But, the values of NDFD and ADFD were increased (P<0.05) in the corn group. Total gas production had no difference (P>0.05) between the corn grain and the DPC without any treatments. While, values of metabolizable protein (MP) and efficiency of microbial biomass production (EMP) were increased (p<0.05) with DPC compared to corn grains . There was no significant difference in the rumen activity when using date press cake (DPC) or corn grains. Moreover, the ensiling process did not cause a clear improvement in rumen fermentation.

Four common Egyptian Agricultural by products used for ruminant feeding were treated with different concentrations of Probiotic (ZAD) to study the effect of treatment on chemical composition of roughages. Roughages used were rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), corn stover (CS) and sugar cane bagasse (SCB). Concentrations of ZAD tested in this study were 0.05, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 ml/Kg of roughage. Roughages were mixed with ZAD solution and incubated anaerobically for 4 weeks. Results indicated that treatments decreased crude fiber (CF) contents of all roughages by 17 % in CS to 30% in SCB and increased EE by multiplication of 1.45 times in WS to 4.9 times in SCB. Statistical analysis showed no significant interaction between roughage source and ZAD concentration on chemical composition of roughages except for crude protein where interaction was significant (P<.05). Results also indicated that ZAD concentration over 0 ml/kg affected CF & CP contents, it was also noticed that CP of RS showed the highest response for treatment followed by SCB and CS, respectively. Crude protein of WS was not affected by different ZAD concentration. It was concluded that ZAD concentration of 1 ml/ 1 Kg of roughage is recommended for treatment to improve roughage chemical analysis.

Solar water pumping system may be a competitive application for remote and luxurious areas where power costs a lot. One may argue that solar photovoltaic water pumping systems not only comprises an environmentally friendly solution, but also contributes substantially to the satisfaction of remote communities’ water consumption needs. Therefore, the study aimed to manage pump for sprinkler irrigation system operated by solar power in small area of turf. The required hydraulic experiment and measurements were conducted using Direct-coupled photovoltaic pumping system to operating sprinkler irrigation network at the experimental farm of soil and water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, located at Inshas, Sharkia Governorate, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. The essential idea to operate the sprinkler irrigation system and fulfill the water needs of turf area was to use a locally assembled pump-set to match the photovoltaic generator unsteady output. Results indicated that, solar radiation increased during summer (April and July), so the electric power, pump discharge, pressure head, Hydraulic horsepower (hp) and Photovoltaic conversion efficiency are affected as solar radiation changed.    Four mathematical equations has been derived to illustrate the relationship between solar radiation and electric power, pump discharge  pressure head , water hp and Photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PVCE) during the day hours.

Field experiment was carried out on one of the turf (lawn) , category  (Passpalm 10) to study the effect of irrigation systems on soil moisture distribution in the root zone. Experimental plot area was (4.5*4.5  ), soil media used was sandy soil and three treatments (spray, sub surface drib irrigation (SDI) , hydrogel) irrigation and every treatment replicated three times . Results of this research could be summarized as follows:  Annual water consumption was less by 77.3%, 71.3% when using hydrogel material, compared with other irrigation systems (spray, and SDI) resp. , this is due to the quantity of loss water from evaporation in spray irrigation treatment , where evaporation parameters are more effective than the others (SDI, hydrogel) irrigation treatments.   The hydrogel treatment has highest water saving by 170% ,300% compared with (SDI and spray) irrigation treatments , because the hydrogel's ability to hold water and has a large period between irrigation when using hydrogel in the soil .   The SDI treatment has highest electrical saving by 520% ,55% compared with (spray and hydrogel ) irrigation treatments resp.   The turf quality index (color, density, ground cover ) give high degree at hydrogel treatment compared with others, this is due to the hydrogel has many materials , both nat urally occurring and synthetic and ability of water saving around root zone of turf .  The average of soil moisture contents at (10cm and 15cm) depth of soil under hydrogel treatment was highest compared with (Spray and SDI) irrigation systems  resp.

Field experiments were conducted in El-Bosaily farm in the Northern Coastal of Egypt during summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to study the response of the single Cross 10 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid to three sowing dates (1st of May, 1st of June and 1st of July) and three levels of irrigation; 60%, 80% and 100% of irrigation requirements (IR) which applied by drip irrigation system. The experimental design was split plot with four replications where the sowing dates and the irrigation levels were located in the main plots and the sub-plots, respectively. Germination percentage, vegetative growth, indices yield and yield components and water use efficiency were compared under the various sowing dates and irrigation level treatments. The main results were as follows: Vegetative growth traits, yield and water use efficiency of maize were decreased as sowing date delayed beyond the 1st of May. Sowing maize seeds at 1st of July gave the lowest vegetative growth traits and productivity compared to the other sowing dates during both seasons. Meanwhile application of 60% (IR) decreased vegetative growth traits as well as grain yield. Nevertheless, the 100% (IR) irrigation treatments gave the highest vegetative traits and grain yield. In contrary, results showed that the 60% (IR) irrigation requirement gave the highest water use efficiency (WUE). Increasing irrigation water above 60% (IR) led to decrease the values of water use efficiency. Meanwhile, the  highest water use efficiency was obtained from the first sowing date (1st May) followed by the second sowing date (1st June) while the lowest value was obtained by the third sowing date (1st July).