This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of different water salinity (36, 17, 8, 4, 2 ppt. and salinity level is less than 1ppt.) on growth performance and survival rate (%) of sea bass fry Dicentrarchus labrax. One thousand and two hundred sea bass fry were randomized stocked at twelve indoor tanks; 4 m3  each (two replicate/treatment), with an average initial body weight of (2 ± 0.30 g/fish) at the rate of 100 fish / tank. Fish in each tank were hand-fed with commercial diet (40 % crude protein and 485.582 Kcal GE/ 100 g diet). Fish were fed daily at a rate of 15, 10, 5, 4 and 3% of the body weight daily for the (1:2.2); (2.2:3.84); (3.84:9.2);  (9.20:12.70) and (12.70) g/fish : until the end of the experiment, respectively. The daily allowances were divided into three meals at 8.00 am; 11.00 am and 2.00 pm. Fish were fed six days a week throughout the experimental period (167 days). The daily amount of feed was re-adjusted every two weeks according to the actual fish biomass in the tanks. The highest significant values of growth performance parameters were observed when sea bass fry were reared at salinities 8 and 36 ppt. Weight gain of the other treatments were negatively affected (p <0.05) by water salinity. The lowest growth performance parameter was observed by salinity level less than 1 ppt. The highest FCR (1.64) recorded at 8 ppt. compared with (1.73) at 36 ppt. and worsens (1.91) at salinity level of less than 1ppt. The same trend was observed for protein efficiency ratio and condition factor where sea bass fry D. labrax reared at water salinity 8  ppt. recorded the highest value (1.45 and 1.16), respectively, while treatment 6 (less than 1 ppt. salinity) showed the lowest significant (P<0.05) values (1.31 and 1.01), respectively. No mortality was recorded during the experimental period in all treatments. The economic returns studies showed that the total return and net profit were linked to the prices of the raw materials used in the experiment as well as the marketing prices of the fish produced. Total return and net profit showed that the fish reared at 8 ppt. achieved the highest economic return followed by the 36 ppt. and 17 ppt., while treatment 6 (less than 1 ppt.) showed the lowest economic return followed by 4 ppt. Since the feeding cost of these two treatments is 16% higher than the other treatments, which affected the economic returns. However, when evaluating the situation as a high value fish species (like sea bass) with economic value reared in fresh water, this yield is very favorable in terms of cost compared to the selling price.

Agricultural land resources are considered the most important factors of agricultural production and are increasingly important in countries with limited land resources, as in the case of Egypt in addition to what has happened in recent years of increasing encroachment on agricultural lands. On the other hand, agricultural strategies that seeks to increase agricultural land, and cultivated by strategic crops. The wheat crop in Egypt is considered one of the main crops, where the Egyptian citizen relies on it for his basic food. The wheat grains are used in the production of bread, pasta, pies and sweets. Wheat straw is used as a fodder for farm animals and it is used in some wood industries. As a result of the steady increase in population and insufficient domestic production of wheat, there is a large gap between local production and consumption of the population.so Egypt must be imported large amounts of wheat to meet the consumption of local market.         The problem of this research is the decrease productivity of wheat crop in Kafr El-Sheikh Gover-norate and decrease in the net income of wheat cultivation in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, which led to reluctance of many farmers to grow wheat crop. Where the area of wheat grown in the governorate decreased from about  229.10  thousand feddans in 2005/2006 to about 216.7 thousand feddans in 2014/2015 with a decrease of 5.4%.                 The study aims to study the effect of improvement and maintenance programs of agricultural lands on productivity of wheat crops in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, 2015-2016, which helps farmers and decision-makers to increase the agricultural land area for improvement and conservation programs.                 One of the most important results was that all improvement processes resulted in an increase in the net yield of wheat crop, where all the measurements of the dummy variables were positively related and proved to be statistical significance.             The results of analysis of variance showed the importance effect of usage agricultural land improvement and maintenance programs on increasing the net income of wheat. It is also estimated that the net income increases when more than one improvement program is used. Improvement processes, which reflects the nature of the quality of agricultural land in the governorate, which is characterized by heavy clay soil.

The research aims at examine the extent to achieve the desired objectives for the development of village and rural human development and the human element, which did not take adequate attention, especially in the aspect of improving the quality of life in spite of the expansion of services horizontally. There are also many evidence of the existence of a development gap between rural and urban areas, and the most important manifestations of this deficiency, illiteracy and poor health conditions, and the spread of unemployment and lack of employment opportunities. As it turns out there is a strong correlation between the human development index and all of the education manuals on GDP and guide health, has turnover of the link between the human development index and all of the evidence mentioned as 0.95, 0.84, 0.79  respectively, and All transactions have moral link at 1%. It is clear that the relationship between education and human development index, where the power that education guide associated HDI extrusive very strong link, followed by the gross domestic product guide, then the life expectancy index. It is clear from this that it must be focus on education and reform and to promote it in the countryside, The most important component of the human development index factors. found evidence also of statistical moral relationship regression to the influence of both the education and health guide and GDP on the Human Development Index, it has been possible to reach the relationship regression and showing moral influence exponential previous variables on the Human Development Index, a logical relationship also indicates coefficient of determination rate to be 98% of the changes in the value of the HDI due to change in the three sub-directories. It emerged from Manuitin test results for comparison to the values of the HDI revised each and Lower Egypt face and Total Republic that there is no significant difference between the Upper and sea at the moral level of 5%, as well as there was no significant difference between the Lower and Egypt on the same moral level, but that there significant difference between Upper Egypt and the moral level of 5%, which means that there is a difference between the normal human development index and revised between Upper Egypt and the total Republic.

Field studies were carried out to study the effect of the different four directions (East, West, North and South) and the middle of the orange trees on the occurrence of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Staint. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), attacking orange orchards during the period extended from the beginning of July, 2015 until the end of June 2016. Also, to determine the common predatory species occurred in navel orange orchards in Qaluobiya Governorate. The warmer months that have the highest temperature degrees and that months having the newly orange leaves, had the highest percentages of infestation by the pest. The obtained results revealed that, the South direction of the orange trees had the highest percentages of leaves damage by the citrus leafminer, P. citrella. Where, there were significant differences between the South direction (68.75%), in comparing with those of the West direction (64.42%), the North direction (60.58%), the East direction (54.58%) and the middle of the orange trees (45.38%). So, it is recommended to firstly begin the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against the pest in this direction and at the suitable time. Moreover, the importance of the natural role of the common predatory species recorded in the orange orchard is obviously shown and must be encouraged and developed. The highest total numbers of all recorded predatory species were during July, 2015 (47 individuals) and April, 2016 (35 individuals). The recorded predatory species were the highest in the South direction (70 individuals), in comparing with those of the North direction (54), the East direction (50), the West direction (37) and the middle of the orange trees (20). True spiders were recorded as the most predators (114 individuals), in orange orchard and also in the same time of pest occurrence. The animal predatory species (true spiders and predatory mites) were the highest in their numbers (167 individuals), in comparing to the insect predatory species: Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus sp., Coccinella undecimpunctata, Orius sp. and Metasyrphus sp., of lower individuals numbers (64 individuals). In general, from this study, it is also recommended to use the different predatory species such as: Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus sp., Coccinella undecimpunctata and Orius sp., for P. citrella control firstlyfrom the South direction. Where, this pest controlcan be applied by mass rearing of these predators in the laboratory and releasing them in orange orchards against P. citrella or other related pests (such as the citrus aphids species and mealybugs). This approach is believed to be highly practical for use as one of the means of biological control with the frame work of suitable and safe IPM programs in citrus orchards in Egypt.

This experiment was carried out on potato tubers during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 at the Department of Natural Products Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. The research aims to reduce losses resulting from the storage at room temperature and to reduce cold storage costs of potato tubers using gamma radiation, mint oil and paclobutrazole treatments.     Potato tubers cv. Sponta were treated with 100 Gy of gamma radiation, 5% of mint oil and 100 ppm of paclobutrazole during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Results showed that, tubers irradiated with 100 Gy and soaked in 100 ppm paclobutrazole scored the lowest percentage of weight loss, sprouting, shrinkage, decay and total lost percentage. As for the effect of soaking tubers in 5% mint oil, results showed a higher percent of shrinkage than other treatments. On the other hand tubers irradiated with 100 Gy of gamma irradiation then soaked in 100 ppm of paclobutrazole had higher contents of starch than other tested treatments.

Experiments in this investigation indicated that the tomato cv. 035 is moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) since it supports a low population of Mi nematode and retarded fusarial damage in single infections while the plant vigor was unaffected adequately. This resistance was decreased as increased of inoculum levels (from 100 to 2000 IJ2) of Mi and (from 102 to 1010 propagules) of Fol indicating that this resistance is mainly density-dependent. However, co-infection by both pathogens a lesser margin of simulative effect on root galling and wilt severity was occurred. Therefore, wounding by invading IJ5 of Mi proved to be unimportant for establishment of Fol wilt fungus. The results indicated also that, the sequence of infection by nematodes and fungus can predispose the host plant to attack by the other. As with Mi pre infection, nematode causes changes in host that predispose it to fungal attack leading to severe wilt expression. Likewise, pre-infection with for allowed not only more nematode penetration but also more nematode developed than in fungus. Accordingly, the present results led to the fact that, the interactions between Mi nematode and Fol wilt fungus are physiological rather than physical.

Plants and plant by-products are now gaining attractiveness in treatment of bacterial infections and food preservation. The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of some Egyptian plant and plant by-products against the locally pathogenic isolates from patients having infectious diseases in our country. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of some plants: grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), mulberry leaves (Morus alba), mallow leaves (Corchorus olitorius) and lemon leaves (Citrus limon) toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., were investigated. Antibacterial activity was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extract of tested plant leaves showed promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacterial isolates due to its great ability to extract those polyphenolic and biological active compounds from natural sources which effectively act against broad spectrum bacteria. Ethanol followed by methanol were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum health and medicinal benefits. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency increase with polarity increasing of the solvents, hence the highest extraction done with ethanol and methanol and the lowest extraction with nonpolar solvent n-hexanedid not exhibit any activity against all the tested bacteria. Irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity of all tested plant leaves. Results indicate the potential of these plants for further work on isolation and characterization of the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity and its exploitation as therapeutic agents

Achieving food security is one of the main objectives of the national strategy to promote national production. The Egyptian food basket suffers from a lack of protein content. Animal production is an integral part of agricultural and national activity as a whole. The average value of Egypt's production of red meat (livestock and slaughtered animals) during the period (2000-2015) was estimated at about 24.7 billion Egyptian pounds, representing about 38.9% the value of animal production of about 63.4 billion Egyptian pounds on average, Of the value of agricultural production of about LE 179.4 billion for the same period. In the light of the results of the case study carried out in the Dina farms in 2015, it can be said that if this method is circulated using the seminal fluid at the level of the Republic 2015 for female cattle in the age group more than two years at the level of the Republic in 2015 it is expected that the number of males about 43,450 thousand head and number Females were 266,9 thousand, 13.9% and 86.1% respectively. The net realized revenues were estimated at LE 129 million for male production, while the net return on females was LE 7.87 billion, which resulted in increased female production of meat and milk, for livestock breeders in Egypt and then increase Agricultural, livestock and national agricultural income as a whole. While in the case of 2015, at the level of the Republic of the same number of cattle in the age group more than two years (at the age of the first vaccination) in the case of artificial insemination and the application of the costs and revenues of the output obtained, it is clear that the net expected return of male production in this year is about 517 million pounds While the net return on female output was LE 5.12 billion, which showed that there was a significant difference between the percentage of profits obtained. The higher the number of female herds through artificial insemination and the consequent increase in female output and the increase in meat and dairy production. Thus, the application of the method of natural vaccination of livestock in Egypt on all females expected for 2020, which is about 603.72 thousand head, the rate of milk production will be about 9100 kg per head during the production season, noting that the average milk production for the head a day about 35 kg and the number The dairy production season is about 260 days average depending on the state of the animal and the environmental and climatic conditions and the method of nutrition and care. Thus, it is expected that the total value of milk production for livestock is about 27.5 billion pounds in 2020, indicating that the increase in milk production in this way than the following method of vaccination The average value of dairy production in this case was estimated at 17.4 billion pounds for the year 2020, an increase of about 10.1 billion pounds by about 63.3%. This is in favor of the method of artificial insemination, resulting in great economic returns for individual farms, commercial farms and the national level as a whole. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of females in 2020 was estimated at 381.6 thousand. The difference is in favor of artificial insemination, with an increase of about 222.1 thousand females. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of males increases by 304,641 thousand head. And fattening of calves due to inheritance of genetic factors affecting the rate of food conversion. Since the average live weight of a live animal at slaughter is about 400 kg for females, about 450 kg for males, it is expected that the amount of meat for females in the case of artificial insemination is about 249.1 million kg in 2020 while the male meat is about 34.6 million kg. Of males in this way, and this is in favor of dairy farms. The expected amount of meat expected for females in the case of IVF is about 152.6 million kg for the year 2020, while the amount of meat from males is about 171.7 million kg. Milk production is noted in this way and is more important for meat farms So as to increase the number of males. In both cases, there is a clear difference between the profits achieved by these two techniques compared to natural vaccination, where there was a significant difference in the rate of net profit, which proves the effectiveness of artificial insemination in the achievement of self-sufficiency of meat and dairy and the promotion of the livestock sector.

Food security is the main objective of all countries that seek through their various economic policies to try to achieve their social and economic security and stability. The agricultural sector is one of the leading sectors of the national economy and one of the main pillars of economic development. The agricultural production in Egypt includes three main activities: plamt production Livestock production fish production, and the value of animal production in Egypt is about 36.5% of the total value of agricultural production. Undoubtedly, the heat stress on livestock under Egyptian conditions is one of the most important constraints for the production of milk In Egypt at various levels of cattle breeding in general and at the level of commercial farms in particular, which requires studying the economic return of the use of this technique and study the impact on the economics of dairy production. the objectives of the study were to study the current status of the development of the number of cattle producing milk in Egypt, as well as the development of the production quantities of dairy cows, the relative importance of each dairy production and the numbers of warheads, and to see the impact of the use of technology has been studying the statistical estimate of the production functions of milk sample study, as well as the statistical estimate of the terms of use of these costs Technology study sample. The most important results of what has resulted in the following: there is a growing trend year for the number of cows wholesale heads in Egypt during the study period, as they have increased by amounted to 104.24 thousand head annually, has been estimated coefficient of determination about 0.266, meaning that 26.6% of the changes occurring to the number due to Factors that reflect the effects of time. It may be shown that the increase in the number of dairy cattle heads in Egypt during the study period as an average is due mainly to the number of mixed cattle heads due to the apparent stability in the numbers of domestic and foreign cattle. It also shows that there is an increasing general trend of milk production for cows Wholesale in Egypt during that For a period, increasing by about 84.597 thousand tons per year. The R2 is estimated to be about 0.324, which means that 32.4% of the changes occurring in the milk production of cows are due to the factors that reflect the time component. Egypt. Scenarios for the statistical estimation of the cow dairy production function were carried out in the sample of 100 cows before using the technique and 100 cows after using the technology. The elasticity of production prior to the use of the technology was about 0.24, after the use of 0.22 technology. Finally, return m Milk production for dairy cows increased by 27.7 kg / day after the use of the technology at an increase rate of about 18.7% with an expected yield of about 97.7 pounds per cow per day for 87.4 pounds per cow before using the technology. the impact of the use of clear technical and increase the expected return of the cows used our farms under study, which requires dissemination of the use of the technology on the rest of the cattle farms in all parts of the country because of its great economic returns.

Three irrigation water resources were chosen at Kafr-Saqr district, El-Sharkia Governorate to assess their qualities and their impact on soil properties. The chosen irrigation water were fresh, mixed, and drainage water applied during the two successive seasons of winter-summer of (2013 and 2014). Soil samples were collected from each location at four depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm). Results showed EC values of mixed and drainage water were above the normal range (which should be < 0.7 dS.m-1)). Also, the mixed and drainage irrigation waters had approximately 3.5 and 5.6 folds the salinity of the fresh water. Mean pH values of the collected irrigation water samples were within the permissible limits (6.5 to 8.4). TDS values of the fresh water were within the normal range (< 450 mg.L-1). Meanwhile, mixed and drainage water were classified as of slightly and moderately salinity hazards. The highest values of turbidity were found in the drainage water, then mixed and fresh water. SAR values of fresh water were < 1.0.  The SAR values for mixed and drainage waters ranged from 2.62 to 2.69 and from 3.68 to 3.76, respectively. BOD and COD values violated the standard limits of law 48/1982 (10 mg.L-1 for drainage water and 6 mg.L-1 for fresh water) except for the BOD values of fresh water. The increase in pH values for the soil irrigated with the mixed and drainage. The continuous irrigation of soil by wastewater resulted in continuous increase in EC values. As well as, increase the amount of total soluble salts in all layers. The application of the different irrigation waters led to increase in soluble ion.