The increase of broilers production in Jordan makes it urgent to study broiler tiller produced. So, the study uses the economics of broiler litter concerning its usage as a source of energy production or as a source of fertilizers. The reuse of broiler litter (BL) will reduce the environmental impact. This empirical term paper used the different alternatives to manage broiler tiller. Many assumptions have been made to reach the feasibility of managing broiler litter. The results showed that the cash flow of using litter as a source of fertilizer was higher compared to use it for energy production for the years of study (1992-2014). The use of litter as a source of fertilizer as a source of fertilizer is more feasible than being used as a source of energy. The study recommended that the collected litter of broiler farms should be treated through specialized party to increase the economic feasibility and minimize the environmental effects.

The research aims at examine the extent to achieve the desired objectives for the development of village and rural human development and the human element, which did not take adequate attention, especially in the aspect of improving the quality of life in spite of the expansion of services horizontally. There are also many evidence of the existence of a development gap between rural and urban areas, and the most important manifestations of this deficiency, illiteracy and poor health conditions, and the spread of unemployment and lack of employment opportunities. As it turns out there is a strong correlation between the human development index and all of the education manuals on GDP and guide health, has turnover of the link between the human development index and all of the evidence mentioned as 0.95, 0.84, 0.79  respectively, and All transactions have moral link at 1%. It is clear that the relationship between education and human development index, where the power that education guide associated HDI extrusive very strong link, followed by the gross domestic product guide, then the life expectancy index. It is clear from this that it must be focus on education and reform and to promote it in the countryside, The most important component of the human development index factors. found evidence also of statistical moral relationship regression to the influence of both the education and health guide and GDP on the Human Development Index, it has been possible to reach the relationship regression and showing moral influence exponential previous variables on the Human Development Index, a logical relationship also indicates coefficient of determination rate to be 98% of the changes in the value of the HDI due to change in the three sub-directories. It emerged from Manuitin test results for comparison to the values of the HDI revised each and Lower Egypt face and Total Republic that there is no significant difference between the Upper and sea at the moral level of 5%, as well as there was no significant difference between the Lower and Egypt on the same moral level, but that there significant difference between Upper Egypt and the moral level of 5%, which means that there is a difference between the normal human development index and revised between Upper Egypt and the total Republic.

This study aimed at 1) identify level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to the integrated farm management in Sahl Altina as highly saline soil, 2) determine preferred extension methods from farmers point of view in the field of transferring highly saline soil recommendations, 3) identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to highly saline soil and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Sahl Altina regoin was selected to conduct this study as highly saline soil.  Three of the biggest famers’ cooperatives in terms of participation number were selected to comprise the population of the study. A survey was carried out using interview questionnaire. A random sample of 143 farmers representing 10% of the total number of farmers were selected to conduct this study Frequency tables, percentages, means were used for data presentation and analysis. contingency coefficient and Pearson correlation coeffi cients utilized to identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Findings of the study can be described as follows: There is Low level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant highly saline soil. Demonstration under supervision was the most preferable method from farmers point of view. There is correlation relationship between famers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: farming experience in highly saline soil, farm area, and satisfaction towards extension services. There is effect relationship between farmers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: education level and period of irrigation. Finally, four recommendations were developed according to the results of this study that may contribute to enhance extension work in the field of capacitating farmers with the integrated farm management under saline conditions

crops in Arab world, this being a staple food of the citizen Arab, and is the research problem in the decline of production of the main cereal crops of wheat, maize, rice and sorghum rates in the Arab world, which accounts for about 50.7 million tons with an increase of consumption, which represent about 129 million tons during the period (2000-2013), and targeted research study economy, thus the Arab homeland cereal production through the study of the current situation of cereal production for the most important producing countries, and the estimation of the statistical production functions and costs for cereal Arab world .   The most important results have resulted in the following:   1- Studying the cereal production function in the short run in Arab world, and estimates flexibility productivity total of elements used for the function, which reflected the nature of increasing returns to scale for the three categories, respectively, in terms of production increases by the biggest increase production elements used, and appreciated the flexibility the production total of the elements of production in the estimated function in the long run, which amounted to about 0.9 nature of returns to scale declining terms of decreasing production by less than the increase in production factors. 2- The estimation of the economic efficiency of the use of seeds, and the  number of agricultural tractors, and fertilizers in cereal functions production for  world Arab for the three categories of productivity, results showed that there Optimal utilization of the two elements of seed and fertilizer in the third category and this agreed with the economic logic and therefore advised production under this category because it represents the appropriate size for the production of cereal –in Arab world, and the assessment of the economic efficiency of the productive classes the first and second shows the significant need to intensify the use of racist seeds, agricultural tractors and agreed with this economic logic . 3- By studying the cost functions of production for cereal-producing countries for cereal world Arab three classes in the short and long respectively term, low cost per unit produced increased scale productivity shows that consistent with economic logic, and thus advised to production on an economic scale under the third category as they approach the appropriate size cereal production, which represents the average output of about 23.2 million tons, and size optimized for the production of about 30 million tons, which means higher economic efficiency for this category and therefore is cereal production in this category, which is represented in Egypt, Morocco, Iraq, Syria, Somalia is better than the technical and economic face on the basis of less expensive Mid of the second category, regardless of the first category where not recommended for the production of cereal in the first category on an economic scale, which is represented in Oman, Kuwait, Mauritania, due to the weakness of each of the areas and so production can have, and the average unit cost of about 1.3, 106.6, 22.9 dollars per ton, respectively for the three categories, and this confirms previous results, also showed marginal costs for cereal estimates in the long run, which amounted to about $ 33.8 / ton, while the average cost of producing a ton of grain amounted to about $ 20, and as the optimal size of the production of about 20.25 million tons in the long run.

Marinated spent hen meats were used in the preparation of kobeba. The chemical, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of kobeba were evaluated during storage at -18˚C for 5 months. Kobeba treated with lime juice had higher crude protein (14.03%), crude fat (7.78%), total ash (3.18%), carbohydrates (8.69%), cooking loss (5.62%), water holding capacity (3.41 cm2/0.3g) and plasticity (2.30 cm2/0.3g) and lower moisture (66.41%) and pH (5.96) than kobeba treated with propionic acid and acetic acid. Lime juice, acetic acid and propionic acid marination reduced total volatile nitrogen values by 25.82, 20.53 and 11.20% and thiobarbituric acid values by 33.82, 25.37 and 18.38%, respectively. Lime juice followed by acetic acid was more effective in reducing total bacterial, psychrophilic bacteria and yeast and mold counts than propionic acid. Kobeba marinated with lime juice had higher rating scores (7.68-7.98) for all sensory properties than kobeba marinated with propionic acid and acetic acid. Total volatile nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid, pH, water holding capacity and cooking loss of kobeba were increased as storage period increased. However, plasticity had an opposite trend. Water and fat retention of kobeba were not affected by storage period. At the end of storage period, kobeba had rating scores described as like slightly (6.19-6.45) for all sensory properties.

Environmental issues is an important topic nowadays as almost every country’s government and society has started to be more aware about these issues. This leads to a trend of green marketing used by the firms /producer in order to gain profit and protect the environment, Green marketing is the process of satisfying the needs and wants of customer’s in a way which can bring benefit or profit for both the producer and the society by reducing detrimental impact on the natural environment by providing less environmental harmful and/or more environment friendly products to the respondents, green marketing tools such as eco-label, eco-brand and environmental advertisement will make easier perception and awareness of green products attributes and characteristics, consequently, guiding them into purchasing environmentally-friendly products. Applying these policy tools plays an essential role to switch customer’s actual purchasing behavior to buy environmental friendly products, therefore, reduce the negative impact of synthetic products on the environment. The aim of this research was to know the respondents awareness of green marketing and its impact on sustainable development and to assess the attitude of respondents towards green marketing and sustainable development. A sample of (150) respondents was chosen from (5) super markets for administering well structured survey questionnaires. The analytical tools were used descriptive statistics, inferential statistical treatments such as percentages, means, and correlation analysis were applied to the data. From the research it was found that majority of the respondents did not have knowledge about green marketing because it is very new concept for respondents otherwise majority of the respondents agreeabout believing in the concept of green marketing, paying extra cost for green products also majority of the respondents strongly agreeabout supporting green marketing and sustainable development strategies The results of a correlation analysis between the respondents’ attitude towards green products with respondents’ demographics showed that, the respondents’ attitude towards green products was significant negatively correlated with Age, Education and income were significant positive correlated with respondents’ attitude towards green products, the research recommended that government and marketing organizations have to disseminate the importance of green marketing and enhancing the awareness at every level of stakeholders about green marketing.

This experiment was carried out on potato tubers during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 at the Department of Natural Products Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. The research aims to reduce losses resulting from the storage at room temperature and to reduce cold storage costs of potato tubers using gamma radiation, mint oil and paclobutrazole treatments.     Potato tubers cv. Sponta were treated with 100 Gy of gamma radiation, 5% of mint oil and 100 ppm of paclobutrazole during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Results showed that, tubers irradiated with 100 Gy and soaked in 100 ppm paclobutrazole scored the lowest percentage of weight loss, sprouting, shrinkage, decay and total lost percentage. As for the effect of soaking tubers in 5% mint oil, results showed a higher percent of shrinkage than other treatments. On the other hand tubers irradiated with 100 Gy of gamma irradiation then soaked in 100 ppm of paclobutrazole had higher contents of starch than other tested treatments.

Experiments in this investigation indicated that the tomato cv. 035 is moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) since it supports a low population of Mi nematode and retarded fusarial damage in single infections while the plant vigor was unaffected adequately. This resistance was decreased as increased of inoculum levels (from 100 to 2000 IJ2) of Mi and (from 102 to 1010 propagules) of Fol indicating that this resistance is mainly density-dependent. However, co-infection by both pathogens a lesser margin of simulative effect on root galling and wilt severity was occurred. Therefore, wounding by invading IJ5 of Mi proved to be unimportant for establishment of Fol wilt fungus. The results indicated also that, the sequence of infection by nematodes and fungus can predispose the host plant to attack by the other. As with Mi pre infection, nematode causes changes in host that predispose it to fungal attack leading to severe wilt expression. Likewise, pre-infection with for allowed not only more nematode penetration but also more nematode developed than in fungus. Accordingly, the present results led to the fact that, the interactions between Mi nematode and Fol wilt fungus are physiological rather than physical.

Three cancer cell lines, i.e. HEpG-2 (human liver carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adeno-carcinoma), and PC3 (Prostatic Small Cell Carcinoma) were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) and conazole fungicide (myclobutanil). Cytotoxicity was measured by neutral red incorporation (NRI) assay. The lowest concentration of the tested pesticides (0.5 μg/ml) was toxic. With the increase of the concentration up to 80 μg/ml, the Department of plant protection, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, shoubra  Elkheima, Cairo, Egypt Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt damage degree of the cellular form and size was more serious. The midpoint cytotoxicity value, (NRI50) for imidacloprid and myclobutanil for HEpG-2, MCF-7, and PC3 cancer cell lines were 110.5, 67.7 and 67.6 μg/ml and 38.12, 41 and 27.5 μg/ml, respectively. In general, myclobutanil was very toxic in the three cancer cell lines compared with imidacloprid.

Plants and plant by-products are now gaining attractiveness in treatment of bacterial infections and food preservation. The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of some Egyptian plant and plant by-products against the locally pathogenic isolates from patients having infectious diseases in our country. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of some plants: grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), mulberry leaves (Morus alba), mallow leaves (Corchorus olitorius) and lemon leaves (Citrus limon) toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., were investigated. Antibacterial activity was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extract of tested plant leaves showed promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacterial isolates due to its great ability to extract those polyphenolic and biological active compounds from natural sources which effectively act against broad spectrum bacteria. Ethanol followed by methanol were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum health and medicinal benefits. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency increase with polarity increasing of the solvents, hence the highest extraction done with ethanol and methanol and the lowest extraction with nonpolar solvent n-hexanedid not exhibit any activity against all the tested bacteria. Irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity of all tested plant leaves. Results indicate the potential of these plants for further work on isolation and characterization of the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity and its exploitation as therapeutic agents