In order to investigate the effect of integrated application of biological and organic fertilizers on absorption and phosphorus physiological efficiency in medicago sativa in Aran and Bidgol citiy in 2013, A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include four levels of biofertilizers (control, nitroxin fertilizer, Fertilizer Phosphate-2 and the combination of Nitroxin and Fertilizer Phosphate-2) and Four levels of organic fertilizer (control, cow manure, sheep manure and chicken manure) were 10 tons per hectare. The results showed that the use of biological fertilizers had a significant effect on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at a significant level of 1%. Also, the effect of organic fertilizers on plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, physiological efficiency and phosphorus use efficiency were significant at 1% level. Among the comparison of the averages of intraction effects, the highest physiological efficiency of phosphorus related to the treatment (no inoculation with biological fertilizer + consumption of 10 tons per hectare of cow manure) with an average of 35.78 kg of grains produced per kg of phosphorus used and the lowest amount of physiological efficiency of phosphorus. It belonged to the treatment (not using biological fertilizer + not using organic fertilizer.

n order to investigate AMF and phosphorus fertilizer effects on bitter gourd under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of the faculty of agriculture of Tarbiat Modares university in 2020 as a split factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three irrigation regimes including full irrigation, moderate irrigation deficit, and severe irrigation deficit were randomized in the main plot units and the factorial combination of two species of fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices along with control (without fungi) and an amount of phosphorus with a control without phosphorus was randomly placed in the sub-plot units. The results showed that under water dificit stress, fruit yield, total chlorophyll, leaf phosphorus, and colonization percentage decreased compared to full irrigation, and proline, MDA, leaf ion leakage, CAT and APX enzymes, and coumaric acid increased. The use of AMF and phosphorus fertilizer under full and low irrigation conditions reduced MDA and improved fruit yield and the other investigated plant traits. The highest fruit yield (3133.27 g.m-2) was allocated to the plants under inoculation with Glomus mosseae species and phosphorus application under full irrigation regime. The highest amount of fruit coumaric acid (almost 11 ppm) was obsereved in inoculated plants with Glomus mosseae species and application and non-application of phosphorus fertilizer under severe irrigation deficit. According to the obtained results, it is possible to suggest the use of two species of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and sufficient phosphorus element to improve the yield and quality of bitter gourd fruit under water dificit stress and full irrigation.

This research was done with the aim of checking energy and economic indicators and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in the production system of two products, tomato and onion in 2021 and 2022 in Alborz province. The information required for this research was obtained through interviews with farmers and completing questionnaires. The results of this study showed that the highest energy input, energy output, and net energy in onion were obtained in Savojbolagh city at the rate of 21324.8, 105600, and 24275.3 Mj.ha-1, respectively. In tomato, the highest input energy, output energy, and net energy was 73799.8, 56000, and -13495.4 Mj.ha1, respectively (in tomato, net energy is negative due to the greater input energy than output energy). The highest energy efficiency consumption was obtained in onion and tomato, 1.4 and 1.32 respectively. In the comparison of energy efficiency, the highest value in onion and tomato were observed 0.82 and 0.99 Kg.mj-1. Among the various inputs in the onion and tomato production systems, diesel, nitrogen chemical fertilizer, animal manure, irrigation water, gasoline, and manpower had the largest share in input energy in the order of priority. Onion and tomato by producing 3065.8 and 3045.4 kg of CO2 per hectare, played a role in the emissions of greenhouse gases. The analysis of economic indicators also showed that onion with a net income of 9608.7 $.ha-1 compared to tomato with a net income of 4840.3 $.ha-1 has generated more income. According to the obtained results it can be possible that reduce the amount of energy input and greenhouse gas emissions and thus, provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of more sustainable agriculture by modifying production methods such as using modern irrigation methods and also replacing animal and biological fertilizers with chemical fertilizers.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of crop arrangement and different levels of nitrogen on the morphological characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrients of sunflower seeds, as a split plot experiment in a RCBD design with three replications in 2021. The main plots included five different patterns of spatial arrangement (square, normal rectangle, wide rectangle, triangular, and mixed cultivation systems). Different levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea) in three levels (application of 100, 75, and 50% of the plant's fertilizer requirement) were placed in sub-plots. The results showed that the maximum leaf width (40.3 cm), leaf area index (4.64), number of leaves (29.2), stem diameter (3.95 cm), and plant height (177.3 cm) were obtained from the treatment of triangular planting arrangement. In addition, the triangular planting arrangement and then the square planting arrangement had the highest content of chlorophylls and carotenoids compared to the other planting arrangements, and the lowest content of chlorophylls and carotenoids were observed in the wide rectangular planting arrangement. Moreover, the results showed that the maximum protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of sunflower seeds were obtained in the triangular planting arrangement (17.15, 2.98, 0.54, and 1.73%, respectively), and no significant difference was observed in the triangular planting arrangement between different levels of nitrogen. Generally, the triangular crop arrangement by improving the growth characteristics of sunflower resulted in maximum grain yield and 50% reduction in urea consumption, because the yield of sunflower in the mentioned treatment did not show a significant difference with the application of 100% urea fertilizer; Therefore, the triangular cultivation arrangement is introduced as the best cultivation system for sunflower.

The use of biological and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers increases the efficiency of the cycle of food elements, improves and stabilizes the quantitative and qualitative grain yield by maintaining the appropriate productivity of soil and water resources in sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic and biological fertilizers on nitrogen agronomy efficiency and phosphorus content of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2015. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included four organic fertilizers (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost, and vermicompost) and four biofertilizers (control, inoculation with azotobacter, barvar2, and azotobacter+ barvar-2). Application of nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest effect on all traits. The highest protein yield (2779 kg ha-1) related to nitroxin biofertilizer treatment + organic control and the lowest one (950 kg ha-1) was obtained when no organic and biofertilizers were applied. The highest and the lowest of phosphorus content (2.34% and 1.03%) belonged to nitroxine + mushroom compost and Barvar-2 + organic control, respectively. The highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were achieved in control treatment + animal manure and when no organic and biofertilizers were applied, respectively. Therefore, the highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) NUE were obtained in control + animal fertilizers and when no fertilzers were applied. Considering that the simultaneous application of biological fertilizers (nitroxin + Barvar-2) and animal manure is superior in terms of grain harvest index (35%), therefore, it was more priority and recommendable in the region

For this purpose and identify the best bread wheat lines in terms of yeild and stability, an experiment was carried out during the two crop years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in the research farm of Safi Abad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Dezful. 407 new wheat lines were evaluated along with 4 regional control varieties, in the first year & 88 best lines of the first year were evaluated along with Mehrgan and Chamran 2 varieties, in the second year. One of the main reasons for this decrease in yield can be attributed to the increase in the temperature of March in the second year (20 degrees Celsius) compared to the first year (16 degrees Celsius), which caused the average grain filling period from 49.5 days in the first year to reach 46.7 days in the second year. Finally, according to the total measured traits of each line during two crop years, lines No. 384, 365, 356, 383, 355, 389 and 424 were selected as the best lines. Pedigree study of the top lines, it was found that in the pedigree of the top 5 lines, there is a common parent named BORL14, which probably made these lines superior to the other tested lines. According to these results, it is possible to propose and implement the use of this line to improve the wheat breeding program in the hot and dry areas of the south.

This research was carried out in order to evaluate the biochemical and agronomic traits of dryland chickpea intercropped with dragon’s head in Saqqez city (Kurdistan province). It was conducted as a factorial split-plot experiment, arranged in a randomized complete block design, with three replications during the 2021-2022 cropping year. Treatments included three planting times (autumn, expecting, and spring) as first factor, three chickpea cultivars (Saral, Nosrat, and Anna) as second factor and five cultivation patterns [(pure chickpea), (25% L. iberica: 100% chickpea), (50% L. iberica: 100% chickpea), (75% L. iberica: 100% chickpea), and pure L. iberica cultivation (100% L. iberica). The highest leaf chlorophyll a and b contents were obtained in winter with intercropping of %100 Nosrat chickpea + %50 L. iberica and planting ratio (%100 chickpea +% 25 L. iberica), respectively. The highest leaf carotenoid content was obtained in spring with planting ratio of %100 Saral chickpea + %75 L. iberica. The highest water use efficiency was obtained in winter, in the Nosrat variety, and in pure cultivation. The land equivalent ratio in all intercropping patterns was more than one, which showed the superiority of L. iberica and chickpea intercropping compared to pure cropping.

Spreading hedgeparsley is a weed of wheat fields which thier seed bank is increasing in Kermanshah province. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time, burial depth, and seed shape in the field. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Both hairy and non-hairy forms of spreading hedgeparsley seeds were placed in different depths of storage (control), zero (soil surface), 5, 10, 20, and 40 cm of soil, and then seeds digged out from soil at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months burial time. The results showed that the effect of time, burial depth, and seed shape treatments on germination was significant in the field. The highest percentage of spreading hedgeparsley seed germination was observed in the first 3 months after burial. In general, the percentage of seed germination decreased by time. At a depth of 5 cm in the soil due to the favorable environmental conditions such as temperature, light and oxygen, the highest germination percentage was observed. Seed germination percentage decreased with increasing depth. The percentage of germination of spreading hedgeparsley seeds was higher than that of spinyseeds due to the level of contact of seeds with light, temperature and humidity.

After soybean and oil palm, rapeseed has the third place in supplying vegetable oil in the world, so that it accounts for 14.7% of the total production of vegetable oil. The current research was carried out using modeling approach in order to simulate the replacement of wheat cultivation with rapeseed cultivation in terms of water and economic productivity in four locations (Aleshtar, Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, and Kuhdasht) in Lorestan province. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and yield of wheat and rapeseed crops. The model validation results showed that it accurately simulates wheat and rapeseed grain yield with nRMSE of 8.6%. The results showed that wheat cultivation (3524.4 kg) had a higher grain yield than rapeseed cultivation (2750.2 kg). In addition, wheat cultivation system (1.45 kg m-3) compared with rapeseed cultivation (1.15 kg m-3) had higher water productivity. However, the difference between these two cultivation systems in terms of irrigation productivity was not considerable (0.11 kg m3). Also, economic productivity and net income of rapeseed cultivation system were 0.220 million tomans per cubic meter and 59.9 million tomans per hectare, respectively, while they were 0.014 million tomans per cubic meter and 41.1 million tomans per hectare, respectively, for wheat cultivation system. In general, the results approved that moving from wheat cultivation to rapeseed cultivation can be environmentally and economically sustainable in the agro-ecosystems of Lorestan province, especially in Khorramabad county.

Considering the high production potential of quinoa plant, especially under stressful conditions such as drought and salinity, it is necessary to introduce new and high-yielding genotypes for cultivation in different regions of Iran. The objective of this research was to evaluate the diversity of 26 new and foreign quinoa genotypes in terms of morphophenological characteristics. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Rasht, in 2021. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a very significant statistical difference among the studied genotypes for all measured traits. Factor analysis using the principal components method identified three main and independent factors that explained 39.19, 24.63, and 15.94%, respectively, and in total about 80% of the total variance. In addition, cluster analysis based on Ward's minimum variance grouped the studied 26 quinoa genotypes into three separate clusters; including 14, 7, and 5 genotypes, which very largely corresponded to grouping of the principal components. In total, the results of the current study showed that among the studied 26 quinoa genotypes, genotype No. 12 with 1000-grain weight, panicle length, and grain yield higher than the other genotypes as well as dwarfism and earliness characteristics was the most valuable genotype of this experiment. Furthermore, genotypes No. 4, 8, 17, and 18 for grain yield, genotypes No. 7, 13, and 15 for earliness, and genotype No. 14 for dwarfism, were the promising genotypes of this research, which can be used to transfer earliness and dwarfism to high-yielding genotypes in future breeding programs.