A 3-month-old male German shepherd dog was referred with depression, vomition, hemorrhagic diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia and dehydration. The affected dog did not have any history of vaccination. Despite treatment, the animal died within 2 days after the onset of clinical signs. Gross examination of tissues showed hemorrhages (ecchymoses) in the mucosa of the digestive tract. The liver was congested and slightly enlarged. The gall bladder wall was edematous. The spleen and lymph nodes were also edematous and congested. Light microscopic examination of tissues showed numerous large, basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within the hepatcytes and endothelial cells adjacent to the necrotic regions. A large area of hepatic necrosis, severe congestion of sinusoids accompanied by a mild mixed infiltration of inflammatory cells, were evident particularly in the periportal region. Fecal sample was examined for differential diagnosis of other viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Based on histopathological findings, Infectious canine Hepatitis (ICH) was suspected as the cause of death.

Although some venoms and their isolated compounds have been shown to have antibacterial properties, most have not been investigated for such activity. Echis carinatus is one of the most venomous snakes in the world and has an effective haematotoxic venom that destroys endothelial cells and causes haemorrhagia. In this study, the antibacterial activity of Iranian snake Echis carinatus venom against six different bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7), were investigated. Crude venom (100µg/ml) and different standard antibiotic disks as positive controls were tested by the gel diffusion method. Since the results showed that Echis carinatus venom has a significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus and MRSA, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined for these two susceptible bacteria: this was 80µg ml-1 against both strains. Also, the results determined that Echis carinatus venom dose not have a noticeable effect on other tested bacteria.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the uterine histopathological changes in Holstein dairy cows, within the range of 90-145 day in milk, with or without clinical history of reproduction system disorders. Lactating Holstein cows (n =133) with (n=92, 69.17%) or without (n= 41, 30.82%) recorded clinical signs of reproduction diseases were examined for uterine histopathological lesions. The cows in treatment group were inseminated artificially for 3 times after calving or did not have any recorded estrus signs. The cows in control group were not inseminated. Biopsy of the endometrium and submucosa were obtained using a sterile alligator-jawed (rounded) biopsy forceps. The inseminated cows were at various stages of the estrus cycle. The results showed that 64.13% and 46.34% of cows with or without recorded clinical reproductive disorder had histopathological lesions, respectively. There were no significant differences in histopathological changes between cows with or without reproductive disorder history (P≥0.05). Chronic endometritis was the most common microscopic lesion in cows with (34.61%) or without (17.94%) recorded reproductive disease. Clinical endometritis was the most common reproductive disorder (20.65%). The rate of histopathological lesions in repeat breeder cows was16.3%. In conclusion, endometrial biopsy could be a useful diagnostic tool to evaluate future fertility of the dairy cows because, cows with or without reproductive disorders may show histopathological lesions.

A four- year-old Moghanian breed ewe was admitted to the large animal veterinary clinic, University of Tabriz due to dystocia. During obstetrical examination, it was revealed that the cervix has been closed firmly and vagina protruded about 5 cm through the vulva (vaginal prolaps). Based on clinical findings and for saving the dam and lamb(s), the cesarean section was done. A normal alive female lamb twin to a monster dead male was delivered. According to the facial deformity, the monster twin was diagnosed as Cyclops lamb. This is the first report of a Cyclops lamb’s giving birth twine to a normal lamb from Iran.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), is an economically important disease of livestock, especially sheep and goats, where it can cause early embryonic death and resorption, fetal death and mummification, abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal death.Cats are the main reservoir for the toxoplasmosis which can contaminate the environments of other animal and human beings by their faeces that contain sporulated oocysts.Toxoplasmosis is diagnosed mainly by direct smear, Immunohistochemistry, serology testing and PCR. Preventive measures include education of the farmers, reduce environmental contamination by oocysts, reducing the number of cats capable of shedding oocysts, limiting the breeding of cats to maintain healthy adults, control of future breeding and adequate continuous control programs of stray cats. Feeding cats with commercial diets or with food processed either by cooking or freezing can reduce the risk of disease transmission. A live vaccine (Toxovax®) is commercially marketed in some countries for reducing losses to the sheep industry from congenital toxoplasmosis. History, Life cycle, Clinical signs, Diagnosis, Mode of transmission, Epidemiology, Treatment, Control, Prevention and Vaccination against T. gondii infection in small animals have been reviewed in this article.

This article describes a case of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infestation in a horse with signs of mild pneumonia in Mashhad zoo. In hematological examinations leukocytosis, neutrophilia with degenerative left shift; and in parasitological examination the first stage larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi were detected in the feces. According to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of D. arnfieldi infestation in Iran.

Isolation of BoHV-1 was attempted from nasal swabs as well as aborted foetuses and vaginal swabs in Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line to find out the prevalent strain in the state of West Bengal, India. The virus was isolated from only one case out of 65 nasal swabs whereas no virus was isolated from aborted foetuses and vaginal swabs. The isolate was typed as BoHV-1.2 (Strain India 3).