Eight ponies were allotted to 2 groups of 4. Group-1 ponies (1-4) were given 0.2 g of indole/kg of body weight orally and group-2 ponies (5 to 8) were given 0.1 g of indole/kg. Various physical, hematologic, and physiologic measurements were obtained after administration of indole. Intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria were detected in both groups within 24 hours of dosing. Hemolysis was reflected by decreases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count, and an increase in indirect bilirubin. Erythrocyte fragility appeared to increase in both groups at 8 hours after dosing and peaked at 16 hours after dosing. At 72 hours after dosing, the RBC fragility value was less than predose measurements. Heinz body formation was noticed in group-2 ponies, but not in group 1. Plasma indole concentrations increased in both groups from the nondetectable predose concentrations. Group-1 values were 203% of group-2 values. In group 2, plasma indole was nondetectable by 12 hours, whereas low concentrations could still be measured in the group-1 ponies at 24 hours. Ponies in group 1 died or were euthanatized between 24 and 72 hours after dosing, whereas group-2 ponies were euthanatized between 48 and 120 hours. At necropsy, all body fat, mucous membranes, and elastic tissue were stained yellow. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis was the most prominent microscopic lesion. Results of this study indicated that indole, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, causes acute intravascular hemolysis in ponies.

Three Beagles with chronic anemia and reticulocytosis were studied. The dogs originated from a large breeding colony and appeared clinically normal with the exception of splenomegaly. The PCV ranged from 30 to 39% (normal, 46 to 56%), with reticulocyte indices of 2.3 to 9.9. Red blood cells were morphologically normal, and examination of marrow aspirates revealed erythroid hyperplasia. Shortened chromium-51 RBC life-spans (7.2 to 15.4 days in anemic dogs; 22.2 to 25.2 days in control dogs) documented a hemolytic anemia. Acquired causes of hemolytic anemia were ruled out. Red blood cells had normal glycolytic enzyme activities, no evidence of unstable or abnormal hemoglobin, and had altered osmotic fragility curves. The breeding of 2 anemic dogs resulted in off-spring with anemia and reticulocytosis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no abnormalities in RBC membrane cytoskeletal proteins in all anemic adult dogs and in 3 offspring.

An ELISA was used to detect IgG, IgM, and complement (C3) on the surface of canine erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were placed in wells of a microtitration plate and incubated with affinity purified, alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-canine IgG, IgM, or C3. Results of the ELISA were compared with the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) by preparing standard reference curves from canine blood type A erythrocytes that had been incubated with serial dilutions (1:2 to 1:8,192) of canine anti-A serum. The ELISA detected increased erythrocyte-bound immunoglobulin and complement at two- to fourfold dilutions greater than thoe required for positive results with the DAT. The ELISA required small sample and reagent volumes and detected lower concentrations of immune components than did the DAT.

A two and half year old intact 19 kg female Doberman was referred to small animal medicine outpatient unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with the history of lateral recumbency, dyspnoea, weight loss, inappetence, brownish diarrhoea for past 2 weeks. Clinical examination revealed fever, blanched mucous membrane, lymphadenopathy, dehydration > 5%. Hematology revealed severe anaemia, moderate thrombocytopenia and severe leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Ultrasonography evidenced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and peripheral blood smear cytology confirmed Hepatozoan canis gamonts in neutrophils. Emergency fresh whole blood transfusion was done and treatment initiated with a combination therapy including single dose of Imidocarb dipropionate @7.5 mg/kg and Doxycycline @ 10 mg PO for 28 days following which the dog showed progressive improvements.

A four month old calf weighing 69 kg was attended at door step in the position of lateral recumbency with a history of anorexia, dyspnoea and voiding coffee coloured urine. Physical examination revealed subnormal temperature, pale mucous membrane, tachycardia with haemic murmur, tachypnoea and pounding femoral pulse. Examination of the blood smear revealed Babesia bigemina and complete blood count findings were reduced haematological parameters RBC–(1.5x10 6 ), PCV–(14%) and Hb–(3.5mg/dL). Based on the clinical and laboratory findings, the case was confirmed as Babesiosis and the calf was treated with Inj. Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) @ 3.5 mg/kg deep IM, Inj. Oxytetracycline @ 22 mg /kg IV and Inj. Ferritas 3 ml I/M on day 1. Subsequently on day 2 calf was transfused with two units (700 ml) of fresh whole blood as emergency treatment with dexamethasone @ 0.2 mg/kg BW IV, Avil 0.25 mg/kg IM. The calf was completely cured on day five and day 10 blood smear was negative for Babesia bigemina.

Low Hemoglobin Density (LHD) is related to functional iron availability and hemoglobin content. To assess the use of LHD as an anaemic indicator in canine babesiosis, 108 dogs with symptoms of canine babesiosis were selected and screened for disease by polymerase chain reaction. Blood samples were collected for estimating haematological variables, serum iron, TIBC, UIBC and LHD. Based on the haemoglobin, PCV and erythrocyte count the animals were grouped into anaemic and non-anaemic populations. LHD% was higher in the anaemic population (P<0.001) and it was negatively correlated to haemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocytes, MCHC and serum iron. LHD% was highly depend on serum iron (P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis revealed LHD was 100.00% specific and 80.43% sensitive in identifying the functional iron deficient anaemia with cut-off value of 1.83%. This study reveals that LHD is a cost-effective parameter for identifying the functional iron deficient anaemia in canine babeisosis.

Anaemia is one of the major clinical manifestations seen in various diseases in canines. Reticulocytes and erythrocyte counting are the hallmark for evaluating the anaemic status and bone marrow response to anaemia. In this study, a simple technique was developed and followed to count both reticulocytes simultaneously with the help of Neubauer counting chamber using the diluting fluids prepared from two different supravital stains to score the merit of the method for adoption. Blood samples for the study were  collected from the dogs presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching hospital. The dogs were classified into apparently healthy and anemic group with each of 30 dogs. The total erythrocytic count was significantly low in the anomalous group compared to the healthy group (p<0.01) and the corrected percentage was higher in the oculous group than in healthy group. The corrected percentage is called as corrected percentage (CRP). The increased corrected percentage of reticular cells (CRC) was significantly higher in ominous group. Moreover, the corrected value of CRP was significantly lower in anaesthetized dogs than in the healthy dogs. This technique can be utilised as an ideal laboratory tool in identification of the health status of the animal and to evaluate the treatment regimen in the animal.

A four month old calf weighing 69 kg was attended at door step in the position of lateral recumbency with a history of anorexia, dyspnoea and voiding coffee coloured urine. Physical examination revealed subnormal temperature, pale mucous membrane, tachycardia with haemic murmur, tachypnoea and pounding femoral pulse. Examination of the blood smear revealed Babesia bigemina and complete blood count findings were reduced haematological parameters RBC–(1.5x10 6 ), PCV–(14%) and Hb–(3.5mg/dL). Based on the clinical and laboratory findings, the case was confirmed as Babesiosis and the calf was treated with Inj. Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) @ 3.5 mg/kg deep IM, Inj. Oxytetracycline @ 22 mg /kg IV and Inj. Ferritas 3 ml I/M on day 1. Subsequently on day 2 calf was transfused with two units (700 ml) of fresh whole blood as emergency treatment with dexamethasone @ 0.2 mg/kg BW IV, Avil 0.25 mg/kg IM. The calf was completely cured on day five and day 10 blood smear was negative for Babesia bigemina.

Anaemia is one of the major clinical manifestations seen in various diseases in canines. Reticulocytes and erythrocyte counting are the hallmark for evaluating the anaemic status and bone marrow response to anaemia. In this study, a simple technique was developed and followed to count both reticulocytes simultaneously with the help of Neubauer counting chamber using the diluting fluids prepared from two different supravital stains to score the merit of the method for adoption. Blood samples for the study were  collected from the dogs presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching hospital. The dogs were classified into apparently healthy and anemic group with each of 30 dogs. The total erythrocytic count was significantly low in the anomalous group compared to the healthy group (p<0.01) and the corrected percentage was higher in the oculous group than in healthy group. The corrected percentage is called as corrected percentage (CRP). The increased corrected percentage of reticular cells (CRC) was significantly higher in ominous group. Moreover, the corrected value of CRP was significantly lower in anaesthetized dogs than in the healthy dogs. This technique can be utilised as an ideal laboratory tool in identification of the health status of the animal and to evaluate the treatment regimen in the animal.

A two and half year old intact 19 kg female Doberman was referred to small animal medicine outpatient unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with the history of lateral recumbency, dyspnoea, weight loss, inappetence, brownish diarrhoea for past 2 weeks. Clinical examination revealed fever, blanched mucous membrane, lymphadenopathy, dehydration > 5%. Hematology revealed severe anaemia, moderate thrombocytopenia and severe leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Ultrasonography evidenced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and peripheral blood smear cytology confirmed Hepatozoan canis gamonts in neutrophils. Emergency fresh whole blood transfusion was done and treatment initiated with a combination therapy including single dose of Imidocarb dipropionate @7.5 mg/kg and Doxycycline @ 10 mg PO for 28 days following which the dog showed progressive improvements.