Spore-forming bacteria are a group of bacteria can form spore and they grow aerobically and anaerobically as Bacilli and Clostridia spp. This group of bacteria has public health hazards and economic loss significance. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of spore-forming bacteria isolated from marketable milk and some dairy products as pasteurized milk, UHT milk, milk powder, and baby food (30 samples of each). The samples were purchased randomly from different dairy shops, supermarkets, and pharmacies in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Bacillus cereus was detected in 23.33, 13.33, 6.66, 13.33, and 10% from marketable milk, pasteurized milk, UHT milk, milk powder, and baby food, respectively. While, Clostridium perfringens was recovered in 20, 6.66, 0, 3.33 and 0%, respectively. This study concluded that there is a need for hygienic measures must be applied in the milk and dairy products production and manufacture to minimize the possibility of entering the spore-forming bacteria in these products.

Introduction: The aim of the study was the application and evaluation of real-time PCRs based on the fluorescence of SYBR Green I intercalating dye for the detection of three Bacillus anthracis genes in contaminated liver and blood samples. The goals for detection were rpoB gene as a chromosomal marker, pag gene located on plasmid pXO1, and capC gene located on plasmid pXO2. Material and Methods: Five B. anthracis strains were used for the experiments. Additionally, single strains of other species of the genus Bacillus, i.e. B. cereus, B. brevis, B. subtilis, and B. megaterium, and strains of six other species were used for evaluation of the specificity of the tests. Three SYBR Green I real-time PCRs were conducted allowing confirmation of B. anthracis in the biological samples. Results: The observation of amplification curves in real-time PCRs enabled the detection of the chromosomally encoded rpoB gene, pag gene, and capC gene of B. anthracis. The specificity of the tests was confirmed by estimation of the melting temperature of the PCR products. The sensitivity and linearity of the reactions were determined using regression coefficients. Strains of other microbial species did not reveal real-time PCR products. Conclusion: All real-time PCRs for the detection of B. anthracis in biological samples demonstrated a significant sensitivity and high specificity.

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium not only associated with food-borne outbreaks but also responsible for spoilage of food products. Therefore, the aim of this study is to trying to control of B. cereus by safe nanoparticles and studies the antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa and green synthesized Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on B. cereus. The isolated strains of B.cereus from meat and milk products with detection of their virulence genes (nhe, cytK, hbl and ces) by PCR were used to assess the antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to investigate their properties which revealed that Nigella sativa NPs was 87.5 nm in size and cuboidal in shape, the polydispersity index, zeta potentials, viscosity and conductivity were 0.456, +15.9 mV, 0.877 cp and 58 uS/cm respectively, while Zinc Oxide NPs were 0.2484, -21.8 mV, 0.925 cp and 269 uS/cm respectively and their size was 67.8 nm and rhomboid in shape. Antibacterial activity was determined by using micro wells dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The MIC result for Nigella sativa NPs showed slight inhibition with the 30% concentration, while for Zinc Oxide NPs was 1.25 mg/ml. The morphological characters and changes of bacterial cells before and after treatment with nanoparticles were described by SEM. The Results show significant inhibitory effect of Zinc Oxide NPs than Nigella sativa NPs on B.cereus growth with distinctive destruction in its ultrastructure. SO, applications of nanoparticles in the meat and dairy industry will be a market trend to improve quality by their antibacterial effects and enhancement their shelf life.

Two hundred and fifty samples (Marketable milk, Ras cheese, Domiati cheese and ice cream), were randomly obtained from various dairy shops, supermarkets and ice cream shops in Assiut City, Egypt, during the period of November 2022 to March 2023. These samples were examined for the detection and counting of Bacillus cereus. The positive B. cereus isolates were analyzed by PCR to detect 16s rRNA gene for B. cereus, cytotoxin K (cyt K) and emetic gene (ces). Out of the 250 examined samples, 14 (5.6%) were contaminated by B. cereus. The analyzed ice cream had the highest prevalence (11.53%), followed by Ras cheese samples. The prevalence of ces gene recorded in the examined isolates was 57.14%, while cyt K gene was found in all isolates. Moreover, proteolytic and lipolytic activity investigations revealed that nearly all strains released protease enzyme (92.85%), most of which (64.28%) could produce lipase enzyme.

A frequent source of milk contamination is Bacillus cereus. The microorganism can contaminate raw milk at the time of milking since it is ubiquitous in the environment. In the current study, one hundred raw milk samples were obtained from farmers, supermarkets, street vendors and dairy shops in Egypt, collected samples were examined biochemically and by vietk 2 compact system to isolate Bacillus cereus. Prevalence values of B. cereus were 0, 20,8 and 12% respectively.  The Mean ± SE of the pH values for milk samples were 6.54 ± 0.04, 6.48 ± 0.06, 6.44 ± 0.05 and 6.53 ± 0.06 respectively, on the other hand sorch’s test for milk samples was positive in a percentage of 12, 8, 40 and, 16, respectively. Molecular characterization of hlbA and ces showed positive reaction for 30 and 20% of samples. Growth, proteolytic and lipolytic activities of Bacillus cereus was 100, 100, 20 and 40, 40, 20 at 30◦C/48 h and 7°C/10 days, respectively. Outcomes of the in vitro testing for susceptibility indicated that the highest resistance to antibiotics was against macrolides and mono, B-lactamase, whereas moderate resistance was exhibited to gentamicin. The current study's findings exhibited evidence of B. cereus isolation from raw milk has a high potential for producing food poisoning, so it is necessary to employ the techniques to lessen bacterial contamination while processing dairy products.

Because milk is rich in nutrients, it creates an environment conducive to the growth of bacteria that could be harmful to consumers. Therefore, assessing of its bacteriological quality and the resistance of these pathogens to several antibiotic groups is very important. VITEK 2 compact detected E. coli, Salmonellae spp., S. aureus and B. cereus in the examined samples while it failed to detect Listeria spp. The serological identification of E. coli showed the presence of O44: H18, O127: H6, O159, O15: H2, and O91: H21. Also, Salmonella serotypes as           S. enteritidis (25%), S. infantis (12.5%), S. kentucky (12.5%), S. montevideo (6.25%), S. shangani (12.5%), S. tsevie (12.5%). S. typhimurium (18.75%).  Furthermore, the entero-toxigenic strains of S. aureus were 31.25% of the identified strains; the percentage of entero-toxigenic strains that secrete A, A&C and D enterotoxin were 60%, 20% and (20%); respectively. Ampicillin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, cefpodoxime, cefovecin, ceftiofur, and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole were all ineffective against the isolated E. coli strains. Intermediate sensitive to cefalothin while they were sensitive to cefalexin, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, neomycin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, pradofloxacin, doxycycycline, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol. Additionally, the isolated S. aureus exhibited resistance to tetracycline, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin also; it showed intermediate resistance to rifampicin. The identified S. aureus strains were also susceptible to linezolid, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, tigecycline, and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole.

One of the most common food poisoning illnesses globally is caused by Bacillus cereus, which causes emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. Forty–two (42%) out of 100 samples from raw milk, powdered milk, ice cream, and pasteurized milk were positive for B. cereus, with a high prevalence in raw milk at 64%. Three virulence genes (nheA, cytK, and hblC genes) were characterized among 42 B. cereus isolates with variable frequencies. Detection of the nheA gene showed a high level of 90.4%, followed by the cytK gene in percentage at 50%, and the hblC gene at 47.6%. All examined strains were resistant to Penicillin, Oxacillin, then Cefixime and Ampicillin (85.7%), followed by Nalidixic acid (73.8%), Sulphamethoxazol-Trimethoprim(61.9%), and Oxytetracycline and Cephalotin (52.3%) whilst sensitive to Gentamicin (75%), followed by Enrofloxacin and Erythromycin (50%). Unfortunately, all examined strains are MDR and show 23 resistance patterns, this represents a real health malice for the people of Egypt. The obtained results demonstrated the rise of pathogenic B. cereus, a virulent organism that is multidrug-resistant, in Egypt's retail milk and milk products.

Objective: The study was designed to show the effect of adding different levels of dried fruit extracts for 14 days on sensory and chemical parameters in dairy drinks. The survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus in artificially contaminated dairy drinks fortified with these extracts was also studied. Materials and Methods: The freshly watery extracts and nonaqueous extracts of dried fruits were prepared by rotary evaporators and solvents, respectively. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of dried fruit extracts was achieved using the disc diffusion test. The sensory evaluation of samples was done, while the chemical parameters of the examined samples were determined by the calibrated analyzer. In addition, the degree of survival of P. aeruginosa and B. cereus in inoculated milk samples was also estimated. Results: In pasteurized and Rayeb milk samples, the water extract of carob and all alcoholic dried fruit extracts had a significant effect on compositional parameters in comparison to control samples. At day 14 of pasteurized milk storage, the watery (20.0%) and alcoholic (10.0%) extracts of carob significantly improved its sensory parameters. Conclusion: Based on the survival results, all utilized dried fruit extracts had a significant inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and B. cereus growth in the fortified milk samples at the end of storage. This trial of the survival of these new dairy drinks is the first investigation, particularly in the Middle East. Extracts of utilized dried fruits have prospective functions that enhance dairy drink characteristics. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 55-64]