Immunoglobulin E is produced in response to parasitic nematodes that undergo blood and tissue migrations. Results of our previous studies indicated that IgE and IgG respond to Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. To determine the association between treatment with the larvicide, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and antibody responses and to examine the potential influence of infection with a nonfilarid intestinal nematode on isotype-specific immune responses, we monitored, by use of isotype-specific ELISA, separate IgE and IgG responses against D immitis in 4 groups (A-D) of 8 dogs experimentally coinfected with D immitis and Ancylostoma caninum. All dogs were monitored from 2 weeks before inoculation with D immitis, through postinoculation (PI) week 20. Group-B dogs received a daily regimen of 6.6 mg of DEC/kg of body weight. Group-C dogs received 4.95 mg of oxibendazole/kg daily. Group-D dogs received DEC and oxibendazole, equivalent to the daily doses given to dogs of groups B and C. All dogs given oxibendazole had no A caninum at necropsy. Of the groups receiving DEC, 3 group-B dogs each had 1 to 2 D immitis at necropsy. When results of chronologic IgE determination for all groups were statistically compared, only groups B and C had significant (P = 0.0148 and P << 0.00005, respectively) increases in IgE values. Group-C dogs had the highest IgE values from PI week 10 until the end of the study, whereas IgG values were statistically identical to those of group-A dogs. Group-B dogs given only DEC and having the least number of D immitis of all groups, had IgE values that peaked at PI week 6; values were significantly (P = 0.0002) higher than those for all other groups. In Group-B dogs, IgG values increased significantly (P << 0.00005) only at PI week 20 and were significantly (P << 0.00005) decreased after PI week 6, compared with values for all other groups. Group D containing 6 dogs infected with 1 to 18 D immitis found at necropsy had IgE values betwee.

Studies were undertaken to determine the efficacy of milbemycin oxime against the enteric adult stages of Trichinella spiralis and of albendazole against the muscle stage larvae in experimentally infected dogs and cats. Specific-pathogen-free Beagle pups (n = 6) and domestic shorthair kittens (n = 6) were inoculated with 7,500 first-stage larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Physical examination (including collection of blood and fecal samples) was performed weekly. During the first week after inoculation, all animals had mild gastrointestinal tract disturbances, but stages of T. spiralis were not observed in the feces. Beginning on postinoculation day (PID) 10, 3 pups and 3 kittens were treated with milbemycin oxime (1.25 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) for 10 days. Muscle biopsy specimens were taken from dogs and cats on PID 26 and 29, respectively. Mean numbers of larvae per gram of muscle were 30.3 in the control and 37.7 in the treated dogs. Mean numbers of larvae per gram of muscle in the control and treated cats were 318.7 and 89.3, respectively. Two dogs and 2 cats were removed from the study at that time. The remaining animals, 2 each of the control and milbemycin oxime-treated animals, were given albendazole (50 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 7 days starting at PID 31 and 34 in dogs and cats, respectively. Muscle biopsy specimens were again taken at PID 46 and 49, for dogs and cats, respectively; mean numbers of larvae recovered from muscle were 0.6 for dogs and 13.5 for cats.

Four groups of 18 beef calves each were used to evaluate effects of different treatments on parasite control and weight gains. The investigation extended from November 1986 (weaning) to October 1987. Group-1 calves were treated with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight, SC) at approximately 6-week intervals for a total of 8 treatments; group-2 calves were given the same dosage of ivermectin by the same route of administration as group-1 calves in November, March, and July; group-3 calves were given fenbendazole paste (5 mg/kg, PO) at the same times as group-2 calves; and group-4 calves served as untreated controls with provision for ivermectin salvage treatment. All groups grazed on individual pairs of larval-contaminated, 1.6-ha pastures. Highest (P < 0.05) initial worm counts in fall tracer calves were found in group 3 (Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei adults) and group 4 (O ostertagi and Haemonchus adults). Fecal egg counts of group-1 calves were low throughout the experiment and pasture larval counts remained negligible after July. Egg counts and larval counts of other groups remained higher into summer. Worm counts, including O ostertagi inhibited early fourth-stage larvae (EL4), were highest (P < 0.05) in groups-3 and -4 spring tracer calves; numbers of O ostertagi EL4 were similarly high in groups 2, 3, and 4; and T axei counts were highest (P < 0.05) in groups-3 and -4 yearlings slaughtered in spring. Liveweights of group-1 calves were greater (P < 0.05) than in other groups from March 2 to October, and by July 2, group-2 calves had a liveweight advantage over group-4 calves. Group-3 calves had the lowest rate of gain from March to July and mean liveweight of the group was less (P < 0.05) than in all other groups from April to October. Only minimal worm numbers were recovered from groups-1 or -2 calves in October. Large numbers of O ostertagi and T axei were recovered from group-4 calves and O ostertagi from group-3 calves. A few calves in groups 3 and 4, but 365 kg in group 1, 328 kg in group 2, 316 kg in group 4, and 281 kg in group 3.

During the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Health Monitoring System’s (NAHMS) 2007‐2008 beef study, producers from 24 states were offered the opportunity to evaluate their animals for internal parasites and for overall responses to treatment with anthelmintics. A lapse of 45 d was required between initial sampling and any previous treatments. Choice of anthelmintic (oral benzimidazoles, and both injectable and pour-on endectocides) was at the discretion of the producer so as not to alter the local control programs. Fresh fecal samples were collected from 20 animals, or from the entire group if less than 20, then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 participating laboratories for examination. Analyses consisted of double centrifugation flotation followed by enumeration of strongyle, Nematodirus, and Trichuris eggs (the presence of coccidian oocysts and tapeworm eggs was also noted). Where strongyle eggs per gram (epg) exceeded 30, aliquots from 2 to 6 animals were pooled for egg isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of Ostertagia, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, and Trichostrongylus. Results from 72 producers (19 States) indicated that fecal egg count reductions were < 90% in 1/3 of the operations. All operations exhibiting less than a 90% reduction had used pour-on macrocyclic lactones as the anthelmintic treatment. While some of these less than expected reductions could have been the result of improper drug application, PCR analyses of the parasite populations surviving treatment, coupled with follow-up studies at a limited number of sites, indicated that less than expected reductions were most likely due to anthelmintic resistance in Cooperia spp. and possibly Haemonchus spp.

Ten controlled tests were done between 1972 and 1989, in lambs on pasture, evaluating activity of fenbendazole (FBZ; 5 mg/kg of body weight), oxfendazole (OFZ; 3.5 and 10 mg/kg), oxibendazole (OBZ; 10 mg/kg), pyrantel pamoate (PRT; 25 mg of base/kg), and thiabendazole (TBZ; 44 and 50 mg/kg) against natural infections of helminths, with emphasis on 2 strains (A and B) of Haemonchus contortus. Strain A was phenothiazine-susceptible and strain B was phenothiazine-resistant when isolated in 1955. For approximately 10 years prior to these tests, sheep infected with both strains had been treated periodically each year with several compounds, including thiabendazole, which was used many more times than the other drugs. For this study, 4 (FBZ, OFZ, OBZ, and PRT) of the 5 compounds were evaluated in either 1 or 2 controlled tests. The fifth compound, TBZ, was used for 5 tests. Strain A H contortus was resistant to TBZ for all years tested, but more susceptible to FBZ, OFZ, OBZ, and PRT. Overall, strain B was susceptible to TBZ (with a few exceptions), and also to FBZ, OFZ, OBZ (activity less on immature forms), and PRT. Other abomasal parasites (2 species of Ostertagia and 3 of Trichostrongylus) were found in low numbers, but removal overall was good for the compounds tested. Trichostrongylus axei, found in higher numbers than species of Ostertagia and other species of Trichostrongylus, were effectively removed by all compounds in most cases. Activities of TBZ and PRT were also evaluated against several species of intestinal helminths, most of which were found in low numbers. Cooperia curticei were inconsistently removed by TBZ, but activity of PRT was effective. Both compounds were active on mature Nematodirus spathiger, but TBZ had variable activity on immature forms. Strongyloides papillosus were effectively removed by TBZ. Other parasites found in lower numbers than the aforementioned 3 species were Capillaria spp, Trichuris spp, and Oesophagostomum columbianum; removal was variable for both drugs.

common internal helminths of swine, flubendazole, dose range and efficacy studies

Bunostomum phlebotomum experimental infection of beef calves superimposed upon naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematode infections, fenbendazole anthelmintic efficacy tested

Strongylus vulgaris, pony foals (nat. and exper.), effectiveness of fenbendazole against later fourth stage larvae assessed by larval motility and studies of cranial mesenteric, ileocolic, and celiac arteries

nematodes of ponies, efficacy of oxibendazole in paste formulation, 1-group critical test compared with 2-group control test

Antiparasitic activity of several compounds was evaluated over a long period (about 25 years) in the same flock of sheep. Haemonchus contortus was of special interest, including its relation to drug resistance, especially to thiabendazole and other benzimidazoles, in addition to phenothiazine. Eleven compounds were evaluated in 15 controlled tests, done between 1966 and 1989 in naturally infected lambs (n = 145) born and raised on the same pasture. Sheep were first placed on the pasture in 1962, and a few more were added thereafter. Internal parasites in these sheep were classified in 3 general categories: indeterminate exposure to parasiticides; H contortus, resistant to thiabendazole; and H contortus, resistant to phenothiazine. The parasitic infections probably became more homogeneous after several years because of few introductions of outside sheep after initial establishment of the flock. Activity against naturally acquired internal helminths was evaluated for cambendazole (CBZ: dosage, 20 mg/kg of body weight), fenbendazole (FBZ: 5 or 7.5 mg/kg), mebendazole (MBZ: 10 mg/kg); oxfendazole (OFZ: 3.5 or 10 mg/kg), oxibendazole (OBZ: 10 mg/kg); parbendazole (PBZ: 15 mg/kg), phenothiazine (PTZ: 550 mg/kg); pyrantel pamoate (PRT: 25 mg base/kg), tetramizole (TET: 15 mg/kg); thiabendazole (TBZ: 30 or 44 mg/kg), and trichlorfon (TCF: 100 mg/kg). Thiabendazole was used more often (9 tests) than the other compounds. Thiabendazole was more active against mature H contortus in later years than when first used in 1966, although it was never 100% effective. Efficacy against immature H contortus for TBZ did not exceed 86%. Activity against immature and mature stages of this parasite was good overall for the other benzimidazoles. Results indicated no definite side resistance of non-TBZ benzimidazoles for this species. Removal of both stages of H contortus was generally low for PTZ. For the other nonbenzimidazoles (PRT, TET, and TCF), efficacy against immature and mature H contortus was 93 to 100%, except for 1 test with PRT (79% on mature worms) and 1 with TCF (77% on immature worms). With regard to other abomasal parasites, activity for the compounds tested against 2 species of Ostertagia was greater than or equal to 97%, with 1 exception; numbers of these parasites in nontreated lambs were less than numbers of H contortus. All compounds, except PTZ and TCF, were effective against a third species, Trichostrongylus axei. Activity against several species of intestinal parasites, most present in low numbers, was determined for 5 compounds (TCF, TBZ, CBZ, PTZ, and PRT) in 5 rests. Thiabendazole, CBZ, and PRT were highly effective against trichostrongylus, with a few exceptions. Trichlorfon and PTZ had overall less activity against trichostrongylus than did the other products. Against trichurids, PRT and TCF were highly efficacious.