This study was conducted to compare the hemostatic efficacy of three ferric subsulfate- and chitosan-based styptics as a powder and a gel containing ferric subsulfate and chitosan (FSC-PO and FSC-G, respectively) and a soaked pad containing ferric subsulfate and lidocaine (FSL-SP) using a rat tail bleeding model. The cytotoxicity of the styptics against L-929 mouse fibroblasts was also evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Four groups of 10 rats each were assigned to the three different styptics and a non-treated control groups. Rat tail tips were transected, after which styptics were applied with pressure. The wounds were observed for hemostasis for 3 min, then irrigated with saline to check for recurrent hemorrhage. L-929 mouse fibroblasts were exposed to extracts of the styptics (100 mg/ mL) and their dilutions (1:10, 1:100, and 1:1,000). FSC-PO and FSC-G more effectively controlled initial hemorrhage than FSL-SP (p = 0.033). Additionally, FSC-PO and FSC-G more effectively maintained hemostasis than the control group (p = 0.02 and p 0.01, respectively). However, all styptics showed enhanced cytotoxicity against L-929 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, although FSC-PO and FSC-G would be recommended to control hemorrhage, the benefits of styptics must be balanced against the clinical significance of their cytotoxicity.

The effects of 2 liquid formula diets differing in protein source were evaluated in orphan foals. The response of 7 foals fed a diet containing casein as the protein source, and 6 foals fed a diet containing a combination of whey and casein, was compared with the response in a reference group of 8 mare-raised foals. Orphaned foals were fed 150 kcal/kg of body weight/d, divided into 6 equal feedings of 25 kcal/kg. Formula intake was comparable among the experimental groups, and foals fed the liquid formula diet grew as well as mare-raised foals. There was no difference among groups in mean daily body weight gain, wither height, heart girth, body temperature, pulse, respiration rate, capillary refill time, or skin tenting. Insulin and blood glucose concentrations increased in both groups of foals fed formula diets, returning to prefeeding values within 4 hours. Differences among groups were found for serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, cholesterol, creatinine, and glucose values; all other serum chemical values were comparable among groups. Plasma amino acid determinations revealed that arginine and ornithine were significantly lower in foals in both experimental groups than in reference foals, suggesting that arginine may have been the limiting amino acid in these diets. Diarrhea developed in foals in all treatment groups, but in most cases was self-limiting. These results suggest that the protein source of liquid formula diets may be less important in foals than in infants.

In their quest for a blood meal, hematophagous arthropods must first defeat the host's hemostatic defense. Following injury as it occurs when hematophagous arthropods insert their proboscis into host skin to feed, the host will attempt to stop excessive blood loss through its hemostatic defense mechanism involving platelet aggregation, blood clotting and vasoconstriction. To acquire a full blood meal hematophagous arthropods inject an arsenal of bioactive enzymes which ultimately overpower the host's hemostatic defense. We have looked at a selected number of studies on the molecular biology of arthropod anti-hemostatic proteins and developed commentaries on the suitability of these molecules as target tick vaccine antigens.

On the basis of the data analysis of morphological and biochemical blood traits it was determined that blood indices of all groups of pigs didn't break the limits of physiological norms. Pigs of Canadian selection differ by high metabolism intensity and immunity of organism