The objective of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis among camel obtained from El Shalateen area, Red Sea governorate.  Identification of   Brucella isolates, from naturally infected slaughtered camel, using bacteriological and molecular methods to identify the prevalent field strain in camels. This investigation was carried out on 470 camels during the period from July 2020 to June 2021 in El Shalateen area, Red Sea governorate, Egypt using Modified Rose Bengal plate test (mRBPT), Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) and further confirmation by complement fixation test (CFT) for evaluation of the seroprevalence of camel brucellosis and characterization of Brucella microorganism on bacteriological and molecular basis. The results revealed that the seroprevalence was 10.9%, 8.9%, and 8.5% using mRBPT, ICA and CFT, respectively. The results revealed that there is a highly significant association between brucellosis diagnosed by mRBPT and CFT and the age of the camel. The highest percentage of seropositivity was recorded in older camels > 6y, (p-value < 0.0001). While brucellosis by ICA showed a significant relationship with age (P < 0.05). But there was a non-significant association between brucellosis diagnosed by mRBPT, ICA, and CFT and the sex of the camel, (P > 0.05). The results also revealed that the sensitivity was 100% for mRBPT and ICA While the specificity was 97.44% and 99.53% for mRBPT and ICA, respectively using CFT as the gold standard test. Brucella isolation was 6.7% isolated from costocervical and precrural lymph nodes, liver spleen, and testicles which were identified biochemically as Brucella melitensis biovar 3. DNA extraction and PCR amplification from isolates revealed 5 out of 5 isolates with a molecular size of 282 bp identified as Br. melitensis DNA. In conclusion, ICA can be used as a rapid screening and confirmatory test for the diagnosis of camel brucellosis. Besides, CFT is still a gold standard test because of its balance between sensitivity and specificity.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are mycotoxins produced by numerous species of Aspergillus. AFs contaminate agricultural commodities and thus feed and food including milk. So, this study aimed to assess the effect of the feeding type on the occurrence of AFM1 in camel milk. A total of 45 camel milk samples were obtained from the natural grazing herd in Shalatin (n= 20) and small scales farm breeding in Daraw (n= 25) in the period between September to December 2021. AFM1 levels were determined in these samples using the Vicam method. A significant difference was found between AFM1 levels in milk samples from herds of camels kept in a traditional environment (Natural grazing) and that in samples from camels in semi-intensive management systems (On-farm). Of note, all milk samples obtained from the nomadic area were free from AFM1, whereas, in the camel milk samples collected from a semi-intensive farm, AFM1 was reported in eight samples (32%) with 2 (8%) samples exceeding the EU Limits of 0.05 µg/ kg and 6 (24%) samples below such EU Limits. In conclusion, there was high contamination of milk samples obtained from camels reared on-farm with AFM1, while milk samples of camels naturally grazed were negative for AFM1. Therefore, milk hygiene from the farm, chilling, and distribution should be evaluated to reduce AFM1 levels in milk.

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that triggers significant economic losses in animals. The study’s goal was to reveal the infection with hydatid cysts in animals slaughtered in Elbehera Governorate, Egypt, as well as perform histopathology and molecular characterization of camel cysts using the cox-1 and G1Y162 genes. Elbehera governorate had a total prevalence of 0.35%. Kom-Hamada abattoir had the highest prevalence of 1.7%. Camels had the highest prevalence of 2.17% among the examined animals. Summer had the highest prevalence, at 0.55%. Females had a higher prevalence than males, except for camels. The older animals were infected at a higher rate than the younger ones, except for the buffalo. Location and season had a significant impact on the prevalence, while sex only impacted the prevalence in cattle and buffaloes. The lung had a higher infection than the liver. The cox-1 and G1Y162 genes PCR reactions provided specific DNA bands, and the sequences were for Echinococcus canadensis. The phylogenetic tree of cox-1 indicated that the Egyptian sequence of Elbehera governorate belongs to genotype 6 (G6) of the Echinococcus complex. The sequence shared an identity percentage of up to 99% with previous Egyptian sequences and other E. canadensis in camels from Iran, Mauritania, Algeria, and Sudan. The phylogenetic tree of the G1Y162 protein sequences confirmed that the Egyptian sequence is E. canadensis. Due to the presence of cysts of zoonotic Echinococcus species in slaughtered animals, stringent health regulations are required to prevent infection in animals and humans.