Objective: To evaluate the incidence, etiology and progression of Pigmentary keratitis in dogs. Materialsand Methods: A total of 83 corneas from 55 dogs of different breeds, sex and age were selected for the study. Signalment, anamnesis, nature of discharge and duration of illness was collected from all the animals.The progression of pigmentation was assessed by dividing the cornea in to four quadrants. Pigmentation grading, extent of pigmentation and mean pigment density were calculated by dividing the cornea in to 24 sectors. Schirmer tear test (STT), fluorescein dye test (FDT), tonometry, and slitlamp biomicroscopy and Cornealimpression cytology were done. Results: Among the 55 animals, 51 dogs were Chinese Pug (92.7%) and the mean age was 33.13 ± 3.12 months. Among 55 animals, 28 were females (50.9%) and left cornea was affected in 44 animals (53.01%). The mean duration of the disease as noticed by the owner was 07.21 ± 0.65 months.Most of the owners were totally unaware about the condition of the eye. Among 83 corneas, 40 (35%) showed pigmentation in all the sectors. 29 animals (53%) wereaffected with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) followed by 13 animals (24%) affected with entropion. The mean value of random blood sugar was 107.84 ± 0.99 and the mean intraocular pressure in the animals under the study was 40.64 ± 2.38. The mean value of pigmentation grading,extent of pigmenta ion and mean pigment density was 32.59 ± 2.27, 15.67 ± 0.83 and 1.37 ± 0.07 respectively. The mean value of Schirmer tear test was 10.31 ± 0.58 andunder high power microscopy, Leishman’s stained corneal impression cytology revealed infiltration of neutrophils in all the slides. Conclusion: It was concludedthat Chinese pugs under the age of 3 years are mostly affected and females and left eye is mostly affected. All the animals with pigmentation is having KCS.

OBJECTIVE To measure incidence and estimate temporal and spatial dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in US sow herds. ANIMALS 371 sow herds in the United States from 14 production companies. PROCEDURES The exponentially weighted moving average was used to monitor incident PRRSV infections for onset of an epidemic. The spatial scan statistic was used to identify areas at significantly high risk of PRRS epidemics. A χ2 test was used to estimate whether there were significant differences in the quarterly and annual PRRS incidence among time periods, and a bivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate whether PRRSV infection during a given year increased the odds of that herd being infected in the following year. RESULTS During the 4-year period of this study, 29% (91/319; 2009 to 2010), 33% (106/325; 2010 to 2011), 38% (135/355; 2011 to 2012), and 32% (117/371; 2012 to 2013) of the herds reported new infections. Weekly incidence was low during spring and summer and high during fall and winter. The exponentially weighted moving average signaled the onset of a PRRSV epidemic during the middle 2 weeks of October each year. Disease incidence was spatially clustered. Infection in the previous year increased the odds of infection in 2010 to 2011 and 2011 to 2012. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated a striking repeatability in annual PRRSV temporal and spatial patterns across 4 years of data among herds from 14 production companies, which suggested that efforts to control PRRSV at a regional level should continue to be supported.

A Survey of gastrointestinal helminthes/ parasites in camel migrated from Tehsil Jalapur Pir Wala to Multan Tehsil, was carried out during May, 2012.A total number of 50 samples (20 males and 30 females) were collected from various places at Multan. The revealed parasites were mixed helminthic infection and identified as strongylidae spp, trichostrongyle spp, coccidian/eimeria spp and isospora spp.

This report describes the genetics of the prion protein gene (PRNP) at codons 136, 154, and 171 for sheep diagnosed with naturally acquired classical scrapie in Canada between 1998 and 2008. Genotyping analysis was performed on 249 sheep with confirmed classical scrapie infection representing 98 flocks from 6 provinces. A further case-control analysis of 3 of these flocks compared the genotypes between infected sheep (n = 72) and those of their healthy flockmates (n = 1990). The incidence of classical scrapie in the Canadian sheep population was highly associated with the ARQ haplotype (91.8%) and the ARQ/ARQ genotype (91.6%). In addition, the ARQ haplotype was found at significantly higher frequency in scrapie-infected sheep when compared with their healthy flockmates. Comparison with other published data suggests that the scrapie risk of PRNP genotypes differs between Canada and countries where the VRQ allele is associated with the highest susceptibility to infection.