BACKGROUND: One of the most artificial sweeteners is Aspartame which is commonly  used in a variety of foodstuffs. Objectives: This study has been carried out in order to evaluate the effects of Aspartame on histology and histometry of duodenum. Methods: Forty female Balb/C mice, 21 days of age were selected and initial weight was determined. The treatment groups received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Aspartame for 6 weeks, control group received only distilled water. At the end of experiment, the mice were reweighed. Then the duodenal tissue sections were prepared and stained with H&amp;E. Besides the histological study, histometric data were collected by a light microscope equipped with Axiovision software. Results: The body weights in treatment groups (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) were 5.57±1.18, 4.47±0.89 and 5.84±0.57 respectively, which in comparison with the control group (9.38±0.81) showed a significant difference (p<0.05). The histological study showed that the rate of destruction in the cells and mucosal structures, at the dose of 200 mg/kg compared to the dose of 100 and 400 mg/kg has been increased. In histometric aspect, abundance of duodenal villi, height of the villi and thickness of duodenal mucosa, only in the experimental group of 200 mg/kg were significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05). Whereas the width of villi (width of the apex, body and the base), in all of the experimental groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0.05). The thickness of musculature of duodenum in experimental groups had no significant differences with the control group. Conclusions: Based on this study, it can be concluded that Aspartame can cause some histological and histometrical changes in duodenum.

The current experiment was conducted to study the histology of duodenum in broilers fed with different levels of inclusion of cashew apple waste (CAW) as well as enzymes. The study was carried out for a period of 42 days. A sum total of two hundred and ten day-oldvencobb-400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups with three replicates of 10 chicks in each group. Group 1 (G1) received control diet prepared as per BIS (2007) recommendations. G2 and G3 birds received diet prepared with 5 and 10 per cent CAWwithout any enzyme supplementation, respectively. G4 and G5 birds received 5 per cent CAW with supplementation of 500 g/ton and 750 g/ton of enzymes, respectively. G6 and G7 birds received 10 per cent CAW with supplementation of 500 g/ton and 750 g/ton ofenzymes, respectively. It was found that, histomorphological features like villus height and thickness of tunica mucosa were found to be higher in group (G4) where 5 per cent CAW with NSP degrading enzymes at 500 g/ton were fed significantly (p&lt;0.01) when compared to all other groups. The number of goblet cells was observed to be significantly (p&lt;0.01) lesser in the group (G4) when compared to all other groups.&nbsp;

The current study aimed to observe the morphological, and histological features of the small intestine (duodenum) in adult male and female swan geese. The study was carried out on 10 adult geese, with ages ranging from(one-two) years. These birds were used for morphological and histological study. The birds were weighed, then euthanized by injection of Ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly in the pectoral muscle. The coelomic cavity was dissected and photographed to identify the intestinal morphology and the location of organs. Duodenum were grossly described and measured (weight, relative weight, length, relative length, and diameter, relative diameter, and volume, relative volume). Histologically, the specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological study. The sections were stained using a (Hematoxylin-Eosin) and PAS stain. The morphological study showed that the small intestine is composed of three segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The duodenum formed from a U-shaped tube occupies the pancreas, and the ileum appeared shorter part of the small intestine, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape. Conclusion: The duodenum formed a U-shaped tube occupying the pancreas, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape to increase the surface area of absorption. The mucosal glands different in size and shape occupied most of the lamina propria. The goblet cells showed high density toward the end of the intestine. The duodenum showed the largest surface area of villi than other organs of the digestive tract.

This study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the distribution of the Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) and the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the duodenum tissue of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Eighteen female Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups as thecontrol, sham and diabetes groups. Routine histological and immunohistochemical methods were appliedon the duodenum tissues collected at the end of the study.Results: It was determined that the villus length measurements showed a statistically significant differencebetween the control and diabetes groups. There was NGF immunoreactivity which was moderate anddiffuse cytoplasmic in the villus intestinalis and muscularis layer in all groups, weak in the crypts andglands in the control and sham groups and moderate and diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. ATF6immunoreactivity was determined moderate in the villus intestinalis, crypts, glands and muscularis layerin the control and sham groups and strong diffuse cytoplasmic in the diabetes group. It wasdetermined that both NGF and ATF6 immunoreactivity increased in the duodenum tissue of the rats onwhich diabetes was induced experimentally.

Objective: To investigate contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as a minimally invasive method for the subjective and quantitative assessment of pancreatic and duodenal perfusion in healthy adult dogs, with reference to perfusion in adjacent liver tissue. Animals: 8 clinically normal adult dogs. Procedures: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonograms of the right pancreatic limb, proximal portion of the descending duodenum, and adjacent liver were acquired after IV administration of a microbubble contrast medium. Following subjective evaluation, quantitative time-intensity curves were generated from regions of interest in the pancreas, duodenum, and liver. Five contrast medium characteristics representing perfusion parameters were determined for each organ and used for statistical analysis: interval to arrival, inflow rate, peak intensity (PI), time of peak intensity (TPI), and outflow rate. Results: Significant associations between pancreatic and duodenal values were found for interval to contrast medium arrival, PI, TPI, and outflow rate. Pancreatic and duodenal inflow rates were not correlated. Inflow and outflow rates were significantly faster and TPI significantly shorter for the pancreas and duodenum, compared with values for the liver. There was no significant difference among all 3 organs for interval to arrival and PI of contrast medium. Subjective evaluation findings corresponded to quantitative analysis results. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggested that contrast-enhanced ultrasonography may be a useful, minimally invasive method for evaluating pancreatic and duodenal perfusion in dogs. The data from healthy dogs reported here could aid in the assessment of pancreatic and duodenal conditions and their response to medical treatment.

Objective—To examine the expression and distribution of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins in canine duodenal and colonic mucosa. Sample—Mucosa obtained from 4 healthy Beagles. Procedures—Biopsy specimens of the duodenum and colon were obtained via endoscopy from 4 healthy dogs. The expression patterns and subcelluar localization of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8; E-cadherin; and β-catenin in the duodenum and colon were analyzed by use of immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results—In the duodenum, there was clear expression of claudin-3 and -5, E-cadherin, and β-catenin proteins and weak expression of claudin-7 protein. In contrast, there was clear expression of claudin-2 and -3, E-cadherin, and β-catenin proteins and weak expression of claudin-5 and -7 proteins in the colon, as determined by use of immunoblotting. As determined by the use of immunofluorescence microscopy, the duodenum and colon had staining for claudin-3 and -5, E-cadherin, and β-catenin in the most apical region and staining for claudin-7 in the basolateral region. Staining for claudin-2 was also observed in the colon. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Information was provided about the expression patterns of TJ and AJ proteins in the duodenum and colon of clinically normal dogs. These results may provide valuable information for use in evaluating the importance of these TJ and AJ proteins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in dogs.