This research aimed to study the effect of calving season and parity on productivity, post-partum reproductive performance, disorders, and economic impact in Holstein cows kept under subtropical Egyptian conditions. Lactation and health records of high-yielding cows (500 records) in a commercial dairy herd covering the period between 2020 and 2021 were obtained. The studied productive parameters were average daily milk yield (DMY), dry matter intake (DMI), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and the reproductive measures were the number of heats, number of services per conception (NSC), days to first heat (DFH), days to first service (DFS), and days open (DO). Summer calvings were associated significantly (P<0.05) with a decline in DMY and DMI (31.8 kg and 22.7 kg, respectively) compared to winter calvings. Cows that calved in summer had significantly higher (P<0.05) NSC and longer DO (3.44, and 199.3 d, respectively) and also had a higher incidence of endometritis than winter calvings. First parity cows had significantly (P<0.05) lower (DMY and DMI) and higher (NSC and DO) than those in higher parities. Parity has no significant effect on the incidence of post-partum ovarian disorders. The economic losses from disease treatments recorded the highest value in summer calving (13280 LE/100 head) and primiparous cows (8218.01 LE/100 head). Revenue and profit/cost ratio were higher in winter calvings and pluriparous cows. In conclusion, good management, suitable nutrition during different parity and seasons also intensive cooling systems during the summer season should be applied for improving the productivity, fertility, and the economic impact on Holstein farms.

Brucellosis has been in South East Asia for many generations affecting both man and animals and responsible for massive economic losses. The threat to the economy and to public health from this zoonotic disease is so great to ignore. Over the years there have been many attempts to control and possibly eradicate this infection but these efforts have not fully yielded the desired results due to many factors mentioned in this paper. Eradication, though expensive,&#xD;actually saves a lot of economic resources when properly implemented. In this review, the past and current situation of&#xD;brucellosis in South East Asia is explored with particular reference to Malaysia and challenges to the full eradication of the infection are elucidated.

Parasitic helminth infections in small ruminants are prevalent in South East Asia (SEA), limiting productivity and causing major economic loss for farmers. The hot, wet, tropical climate all year&#xD;round favours trichostrongylid infections, predominantly haemonchosis in sheep and goats. Commercial large scale farms, with&#xD;more than 300 animals, as well as small holders or backyard farmers with less than 50 animals face the debilitating effects of haemonchosis when they graze their animals as effective worm control is often hampered by anthelmintic resistance. In Malaysia, frequent and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics in the past has resulted&#xD;in the majority of the small ruminant population facing resistance to one or more anthelmintics. Several alternative methods of worm control are being employed by farmers; the most important and effective being cut and carry or zero grazing, where the animals are kept in pens and grass is cut and fed. In Cambodia and Myanmar,&#xD;ruminants are still tethered or stall fed with minimal drug use. In Indonesia and Thailand, commercial goat and sheep farms are fast expanding to produce breeder stock for the SEA market. However, up to&#xD;75% of the small ruminant population is still traditionally managed by small scale farmers. In most of SEA, the McMaster method for faecal worm egg counts is the only diagnostic test used to assess helminthosis in ruminants. There is an urgent need to increase awareness and information on the need for testing faecal samples regularly before drenching, conducting faecal egg count reduction tests on a yearly basis, use of the FAMACHA technique to enable&#xD;selective treatment of individual animals. The use of alternative worm control methods to manage helminthosis will help promote effective ruminant production with reduced drug use and ncourage “green” farming methods. Extension of research on local bioactive plants which may have the potential to control helminthosis may also be beneficial in the longer term.

Oestrosis is a worldwide myiasis infection caused by the larvae of&#xD;the fly Oestrus ovis (Diptera, Oestridae), that develops from the first to the third stage larvae. This is an obligate parasite of the nasal and sinus cavities of sheep and goats. The Oestrus ovis larvae elicit clinical signs of cavitary myiasis seen as a seromucous or purulent nasal discharge, frequent sneezing, incoordination and&#xD;dyspnea. Myiasis in an incidental host may have biological significance towards medical and public health importance if&#xD;the incidental host is man. This infection can result in signs of generalized disease, causing serious economic losses in sheep and goat reared for meat and dairy production. Due to the large numbers of small ruminants imported into Malaysia from countries which are endemic with oestrosis, precautionary measures should be exercised to prevent this infection from establishing here. In 2009, there was a report of respiratory distress (pneumonic sign) accompanied by high mortality in Damara sheep that was imported from Australia. Investigations showed the presence of Oestrus ovis larvae in affected&#xD;sheep. The post mortem was conducted in the field and the larvae were discovered in the tracheal region. The larvae was confirmed as Oestrus ovis using the appropriate keys for identification by Zumpt. The carcass showed pulmonary edema with severe congestion of the lungs accompanied by frothy exudation in the bronchus. There were also signs of serious atrophy (heart muscle) and mild enteritis&#xD;(intestine histopathological examination showed, there was pulmonary congestion and edema, centrilobular hepatic necrosis, renal tubular necrosis and myocardial sarcocystosis. The sheep also showed chronic helminthiasis and Staphylococcus spp. was isolated from organ specimens.Oestus ovis infection is rare in Malaysia, as such this case posed as an unusual case for investigation.