This paper dealt wih the distribution of Shigella spp. on 5 piggeries in Taegu and Kyongbuk during the period from August to October 1987. Isolated Shigella were examined for serogrouping, antimicrobial drug resistance and detection of R plasmid. Genetic properties of R plasmid in Shigella were examined for fertility inhibition (F1) and gel electrophoresis was performed for the isolation of plasmid DNA. Of total 2,978 samples from 5 piggeries, 82 strains (2.8 %) of Shigella spp. were isolated from 82 samples. The isolated strains were identified as S. dysenteriae (60 strains), S. flexneri (20 strains) and S. sonnei (2 strains). Of the 82 strains examined 67 (95.1 %) were resistant to one or more antibiotics, such as ampicillin (Am), chloramphenicol (Cm), kanamycin (Km), nalidixic acid (Na), rifampicin (Rf), streptomycin (Sm), sulfademethoxine (Su), and tetracycline (Tc) and higher resistance to Su (90.2 %), Sm (63.4 %) and Tc (63.4 %). Of the 78 resistant Shigella strains 26 (33.3 %) harbored conjugative R plasmids and the transfer frequency of Sm (50.0 %), Cm (33.3 %) resistance was much higher than that of the other drug resistance. The most common resistant patterns were SmSuTc, Su and AmSmSuTc. Out of the 26 Shigella R plasmids examined for Fi, 14 (53.8 % were Fi + and the remainder were Fi-. The plasmid DNA profiles in Shigella spp. (9 strains) isolated from pigs were confirmed as being 2 to 9 fragments by the gel electrophoresis. Their molecular size ranged 2.17 to 87.62 kilobase (Kb). All strains of Shigella spp. consisted in 15.4 Kb plasmids.

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefixime, a new third-generation orally administered caphalosporin, was determined for reference and clinical isolates from dogs. The MIC of the drug for all but 1 of the 18 Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested, 1 Pasteurella canis, 1 Rhodococcus equi, 1 Streptococcus canis, and 1 Streptococcus group G isolate, was less than 1.0 micrograms/ml. The MIC for 9 Staphylococcus intermedius isolates ranged from 1.56 to 6.25 micrograms/ml and, for 8 Sta aureus isolates, the MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 micrograms/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces sp, and a single Bordetella bronchiseptica isolate were considered resistant to cefixime. Cefixime was administered orally in 2 phases at a standard dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight to clinically normal adult male and female dogs. In the first phase, the drug was given once as a capsule and once as a suspension. In the second phase, it was administered once per day for 6 consecutive days in capsule form. Serum drug concentration was determined by use of a microbiological assay, and the following kinetic values were estimated for each dog: area under the concentration-time curve, peak serum drug concentration (Cmax), time of Cmax, absorption half-life, and elimination half-life (t1/2el). The kinetic profile of the drug in serum after oral administration of a single dose of cefixime was similar, with mean Cmax values of 3.36 and 4.76 micrograms/ml after treatment with the capsule and suspension, respectively. Quick oral absorption is characteristic for cefixime in dogs; mean absorption half-life values of 1.3 and 0.58 hours for the capsule and suspension, respectively, were calculated. Drug elimination from serum was biphasic, with an initial mean t1/2el of 8.1 to 8.6 hours and a secondary mean t1/2el of 11.7 to 14.5 hours. In the trial involving once daily treatment for 6 days, serum drug concentration after the sixth dose was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that after the first dose. indicating drug accumulation. Cefixime is extensively bound to canine serum proteins (82 to 92% at concentration ranging between 7.5 and 1.5 micrograms/ml). Concentration of cefixime was determined in the uterus, ovaries, and abdominal fat tissues 24 hours after single-dose treatment and 24 hours after the sixth treatment. Tissue drug distribution was limited after administration of the single dose, but improved after the sixth dose. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the drug and its pharmacokinetic properties warrant assessing its clinical and bacteriologic efficacy as a longterm once-daily orally administered treatment for common bacterial infections in dogs.

Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin has become an increasingly common problem among clinical isolates from human beings. Susceptibility of isolates from horses to gentamicin and amikacin was evaluated for the period from July, 1983 to June, 1985. All isolates of Escherichia coli, and species of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas examined were susceptible to amikacin, except 2 of the 46 Pseudomonas isolates. In contrast, 13 to 50% of isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter species isolates were highly significantly more susceptible to amikacin (P less than 0.01) than to gentamicin. Pseudomonas spp (P = 0.13) were not significantly different in susceptibility to the 2 drugs. There was significant variation among genera in their susceptibility to gentamicin (P = 0.002), primarily because of the frequency of resistance in isolates of Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp, compared with the other 3 organisms (E coli, Enterobacter spp, and Pseudomonas spp). There was no significant difference of susceptibility to amikacin among the genera studied (P = 0.06).

This study was done to investigate the prevalence of the Enterobacteriaceae in chickens and eggs. Isolation of forty four different bacterial isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae from chicken egg samples, cloacal swabs and swabs from Hatcheries’s floor, the isolates from commercial flock swabs were biochemically identified as E coli, P. mirabilis E Sakazakii and E .cloacae by incidence 22%, 55 %, 11% and 11 % respectively. The isolates from Layers and broilers breeder cloacal swabs were biochemically identified to be E. coli, P. mirabilis E. fergusonii and E .cloacae by incidence 20 %, 20 %, 20% and 40 % respectively. The isolates from commercial eggs were biochemically identified to be Pantoea Sp. , Kluyvera sp., E Sakazakii , E.aerogenes and E.harmanii by incidence 33.3% , 16.6% , 16.6% , 16.6% and 16.6 % respectively. The isolates from fertilized egg samples were biochemically identified as E Sakazakii , E. fergusonii , E.coli , E. Cloacae , Aeromonas ,S. Anatum and Prov. Alcolifaciens with a number of 1 ,1, 3, 3, 2, 2 and 1 , incidence 8% , 8% , 23% , 23% , 15% , 15% and 8 % respectively. The incidence of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from floor swabs of both primitive and automatic hatcheries was 20.8 % and these isolates were biochemically identified to be Pantoea spp., Citrokoserilama, k.pneumo. Ozaenae and E .cloacae with number 2, 1, 1 and 1 also its incidence were 40%, 20%, 20% and 20 % respectively. We found that the most common isolated bacterium from eggs either fertilized or commercial table eggs in our study was E.coli although we could isolate other bacterial species as Enterobacter, Proteus species , Escherichia fergusonii; E. Sakazakii, Klebsiella sp., S. anatum, and Pseudomonas sp..In-vitro sensitivity test of the isolated strains to various chemotherapeutic agents revealed that all isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Amoxicillin.

Observations were made on development of diarrhea in special-fed calves (n = 460) on 8 commercial facilities during 2 successive 16-week production cycles at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. A total of 23% were affected, with peak number of calves with diarrhea observed at week 0. Suspected enteropathogens were identified in 86% of these calves, most commonly cryptosporidia, coronavirus, and rotavirus. Identified potential zoonotic pathogens included Giardia and Salmonella spp and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from 6 calves that had repeated bouts of illness. Only 22% of calves entering the veal facilities had adequate transfer of passive immunity. At week 0, serum IgG concentration in calves that subsequently died or had diarrhea was lower (P < 0.001) than that in healthy calves. All calves that died (n = 6) during the first 4 weeks of production had complete failure of transfer of passive immunity.

Studying of cultural, morphological and enzymatic properties of isolated from a calf strain Salmonella enteritidis was realized in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. There was presented quantity and results of bacteriologic examinations for cattle salmonellosis realized in the district veterinary services in Belarus in course of three years. There was presented quantity and results of serovars of salmonellas isolated from the pathologic material from cattle obtained in course of three-year analysis: S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. dublin, S. panama. The following enzicymatic properties of the studied strain were analyzed: glucose, sucrose, manna sugar, citrate, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer reaction, mobility, indole, sulphuretted hydrogen, and urea. Determination of antibiotic susceptibility of strain S. enteritidis was presented. Initial data for calculation LD50 was given. Research results showed that the studied microorganisms were the representatives of family Enterobakteriacea, genus Salmonella, species S. enteritidis