Poultry bacterial pathogen is a major problem in poultry farms, with serious consequences for poultry and human. Two hundred samples of apparently health and freshly died broiler were collected from different commercial farms at Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Salmonella spp. detected in (29%) of examined specimens and serologically identified into S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Agama with percentages 9.5%, 6.5%, 5%, 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas spp. detected in (19%), the most prevalent serotype was P. aeruginosa O2, O5, O9, and O11. However, the antimicrobial-resistant strains of pathogens continuously emerge, with ineffective of medical treatments, thus, the isolates were examined for detection of multidrug resistant (MDR), doxycycline exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Salmonella spp. (55.17%); and ceftriaxone and doxycycline against Pseudomonas spp. (52.63%). Uniplex PCR examination for ampC, stn, tetA(B), integrase genes on MGEs were detected in all Salmonella spp. isolates, and mexR, tetA (B), integrase genes in all examined MDR P. aeruginosa isolates, meanwhile, exoU detected in 80% on MGEs. A novel antibacterial strategy was achieved to minimize economic burdens and the health associated with antimicrobial resistance which obliterate pathogens without any adverse effects on poultry and human. Therefore, the application of a trial using M. Oleifera nanoemulsion in order to control the multidrug resistant genes expression. These findings demonstrated that M. oleifera nanoemulsion was a good choice to its potential as a drug that can be used against Salmonella and P. aeruginosa in poultry industry.

The study investigated the effect of the administration of chitosan–nanoparticles (ChNP) on body performance, gut microbiota, some immunological parameters, expression of digestibility, and antioxidant-related genes in broilers. A total of 80 one-day-old Ross mixed-sex chicks were divided into two groups (40 birds each) in open door system: Chicks in group 1 were fed a basal diet as control, whereas chicks in group 2, were fed a basal diet, and drinking water supplemented with 50-mg ChNP/L. The experimental period lasted three weeks with a daily observation of body performance. Serum and tissue samples were collected for immunological evaluation, microbiota counts, and estimation of mRNA expression levels. ChNPs supplementation significantly increased beneficial microbiota and diminished coliforms, improved growth performance, kidney functions, total antioxidant capacity, and gene expressions of Glut, CAT1, CAT, SOD, and GPX1 in broilers. In conclusion, supplementation of ChNP led to an upregulation of body performance and antioxidant activity of broiler chicks phenotypically and genotypically.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Nannochloropsis on gene expression and serum metabolic profile in growing Barki lambs. For this reason, twenty apparently healthy growing Barki lambs were allocated into two equal groups (10 lambs each). Control group received the basal diet whereas the supplemented group received the basal diet with Nannochloropsis powder which given in the concentrate at a rate of 10 g /kg/day for subsequent 30 days. A blood sample was collected from each lamb via jugular venipuncture before starting the experiment (T0), (T15) and (T30) after supplementation for hematobiochemical examination and real time PCR. Gene’s expression of ACACA, FASN, SCD and FABP4 were significantly up-regulated in supplemented lambs at (T15) and (T30) while DGAT1, insulin, glucokinase and glucose transporter showed a significant up-regulation at day 30 compared to control ones. Supplemented lambs had a significant (P < 0.05) increase of final body weights, daily weight gain and feed intake with significant (P<0.05) decrease of feed conversion ratio. From the third week onwards, the body weight, body length and body condition score were significantly (P > 0.05) higher in the supplemented group. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in Hb, RBC, WBC, serum level of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total protein, globulin and BUN with significant (p<0.05) decrease of cholesterol, ALT and AST in supplemented lambs at T30. The results suggest that Nannochloropsis could be used as a useful supplement to improve health status and body growth of growing Barki lambs.

Improvement of sheep health and productivity has become a global goal. An effective house must provide adequate space, shelter, and protection from climatic changes and stress. Some plants such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and celery (Apium graveolens) could alleviate stressors. Hence, this investigation was conducted to determine the role of thyme and celery seed mixture (TCM) in improving the behavior and performance of lactating Ossimi ewes at diverse housings during autumn and winter. Forty lactating ewes (2 years old and 48 ± 1.5 kg average body weight) were randomly equally distributed into two semi-shaded buildings (SSB) (20 ewes each). These were roofed with a concrete slab 40 cm thick and 5 m high which was covered with three rows of rice straw bales as thermal insulation. It had natural dirt areas to the north and south. Ten ewes were fed a basal diet, and the others received a basal diet containing TCM (10 gm thyme and 10 gm celery/head/day). Similarly, 20 ewes were treated in a fully-shaded building (FSB) which was roofed with a layer of tin 5 m high and had natural flooring to the west and east. These ewes were fed a basal diet + TCM for 1 month pre-lambing and 2 months post-lambing. Both behavior and weight were recorded bi-weekly. Blood samples were collected monthly to measure oxidative stress indicator reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, total protein, glucose, gene expression of nuclear factor 2 linked to erythroid 2 (Nrf2), and interleukin 2. Cumulative feed intake was calculated, and milk samples were collected for 2 months after lambing until weaning to measure moisture, ash, total protein, lactose, non-solid fat (NSF), total solids, fat, and antioxidant capacity of milk (free radical and inhibition factor). The findings revealed that sheep exhibited better feeding behavior in the FSB and the oxidative stress indicator was lower than in the SSB. TCM enhanced feeding behavior and decreased the oxidative stress indicator (reduced GSH) in the SSB. Additionally, it increased total protein and dam body weight (at the 6th week) in the FSB and improved feed intake in both buildings. Thyme and celery have antioxidant capacities in milk. Hence, the present data suggest that adding TCM to the basal diet could reduce the stress of climatic changes on lactating ewes and improve animal behavior and immunity leading to enhanced production.

The study aimed to examine the distinct impacts of incorporating xylanase (Xyl), emulsifier (EM), and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) as dietary supplements in low metabolisable energy (ME) diets on performance, energy and protein efficiency ratios, oxidative biomarkers, gene expression, and gut morphology. Seven hundred one-day-old (Ross 308) male-broilers were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 28 birds each. The experimental group denoted as the positive control (PC) fed on diets in accordance with the breed recommendations. The negative control (NC) was subjected to a dietary intervention reducing the ME by 200 kcal/kg compared to the PC. The remaining experimental diets comprised NC diet that were supplemented with 0.01% Xyl, 0.03% EM and 0.06% GAA. Results showed that birds fed low-ME-diets increased their voluntary feed intake to meet their energy needs but was at the expense of their productive efficiency. Only NC+GAA partially restored broiler performance compared to PC. However, compared to the PC group Xyl, EM and GAA improved the energy and growth-related gene expression, oxidative biomarkers, and gut histomorphology (p < 0.05). The key features associated with Xyl and EM were growth-related genes and intestinal mucus, while GAA was associated with energy-related genes, oxidative biomarkers and jejunum-villi height and villus: crypt ratio. In conclusion, Xyl, EM and GAA supplementation to NC group were able to improve the health status of the birds. However, to improve the production efficiency, future research is needed to elucidate the effect of combined products in birds fed on such low ME diets.

Synbiotic and/or antibiotic supplementation effect on biochemical parameters, gene expression, meat quality, and antibiotic residues were evaluated in this study involving broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens bacteria. A total of 120 one-day chicks were divided into five groups. Group A and B were control negative and control positive. Group C supplemented with synbiotic (PoultryStar®). Group D supplemented with antibiotic (Flagymox®). Group E supplemented with mixed antibiotic and synbiotic. On the 14th day, all groups except group A were inoculated with Clostridium perfringens bacteria. Supplementation of synbiotic alone or in combination with antibiotic resulted in improving the serum protein and albumin levels, glucose concentrations, liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), serum creatinine, uric acid, oxidative and anti-oxidative activities (decrease MDA and increased SOD, CAT and GPx activities). The expression of IL10, CAT, SOD and GPx mRNA was upregulated. Additionally, there was an improvement in meat quality (elevated protein and low fat contents and reduced TBARS contents, with no effect on moisture or ash content). However, antibiotic supplementation revealed antibiotic residues in meats of broilers. In conclusion, synbiotic supplementation shows potential in mitigating necrotic enteritis and can play role as alternative to antibiotics for broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens.

Objective: Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) is an environmentally toxic pollutant that can cause reprotoxicity. Cyperus esculentus and Euterpe oleracea are potent antioxidant plants currently used to counteract the action of harmful pollutants. The present experiment was intended to evaluate and comp are the role of C. esculentus hydroethanolic extract (CHE) and E. oleracea in treating the reprotoxicity induced by CdCl2 in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male rats (160–210 gm) were allocated into five groups equally. Control group: received 5 ml of normal saline (NS); the other treatment groups were injected with CdCl2 as a single dose for two weeks to induce testicular toxicity. After 14 days, the four groups were treated orally daily for two months as follows: The cadmium group (Cd) received NS, the third group (TC) was administered 800 mg/kg BW of CHE, the fourth group (TO) received 500 mg/kg BW of E. oleracea, and the fifth group (TCO) received CHE with E. oleracea. Results: The live sperm and motility, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly increased in the TCO, TC, and TO groups compared with the Cd group. Testicular nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were elevated significantly in the Cd group compared to the TC, TO, TCO, and control groups. The fold changes of Fshβ, Lhβ, and Gnrh genes were upregulated in the TCO group compared to the Cd and control groups. Conclusion: The combination of CHE with E. oleracea showed improvements in rat testicles affected by cadmium toxicity via upregulated reproductive gene expression and its antioxidant effects. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 685-695]