We investigated the influence of parasympathetic tone on the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine in horses premedicated with xylazine, anesthetized with guaifenesin and thiamylal, and maintained on halothane in oxygen. Six horses were used in 12 randomized trials. In each trial, after end-tidal halothane concentration was stabilized at 1.1% (1.25 times minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) in oxygen, either saline solution (0.02 ml/kg of body weight) or atropine (0.04 mg/kg) was administered IV. Five minutes later, dobutamine infusion was started at dosage of 2.5 micrograms/kg/min, IV. The dobutamine infusion was continued for 10 minutes, or until 4 or more premature ventricular complexes occurred within 15 seconds, or sustained narrow-complex tachyarrhythmia clearly not sinus in nature occurred. If the criteria for termination were not met, dobutamine infusion was increased by 2.5 micrograms/kg/min, after the hemodynamic variables had returned to baseline. The horses were allowed to recover, and were rested for at least 1 week before the second trial. The arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine was calculated by multiplying the infusion rate by the elapsed time into infusion when arrhythmia occurred. There was significant difference between the arrhythmogenic dose of dobutamine (ADD) in saline-treated horses (mean +/- SEM, ADD 105.6 +/- 16.3 micrograms/kg) and atropinized horses (ADD 36.2 +/- 8.7 micrograms/kg). There were no differences in the prearrhythmia or immediate postarrhythmia ventricular heart rate (HR) or systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), or mean (MAP) arterial pressures between treated and control groups. The change in hemodynamic variables from prearrhythmia to immediate postarrhythmia formation was not different between the 2 groups. Ventricular beats were clearly evident in 8 of the 12 arrhythmias meeting the criteria for establishing the ADD. These results indicate that atropine may lower the arrhythmogenic threshold.

The effect of hypercapnia on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was investigated in 14 horses. Anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and thiamylal sodium and was maintained at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.86 and 0.92%. Base-apex ECG, cardiac output, and facial artery blood pressure were measured and recorded. The ADE was determined at normocapnia (arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide [Pa(CO2)] = 35 to 45 mm of Hg), at hypercapnia (Pa(CO2) = 70 to 80 mm of Hg), and after return to normocapnia. Epinephrine was infused at arithmetically spaced increasing rates (initial rate = 0.25 micrograms/kg of body weight/min) for a maximum of 10 minutes. The ADE was defined as the lowest epinephrine infusion rate, to the nearest 0.25 micrograms/kg/min, at which 4 premature ventricular complexes occurred in a 15-second period. The ADE (mean +/- SD) during hypercapnia (1.04 +/- 0.23 micrograms/kg/min) was significantly (P < 0.05) less than the ADE at normocapnia (1.35 +/- 0.38 micrograms/kg/min), whereas the ADE after return to normocapnia (1.17 +/- 0.22 micrograms/kg/min) was not significantly different from those during normocapnia or hypercapnia. Baseline systolic and diastolic arterial pressures and cardiac output decreased after return to normocapnia. Significant differences were not found in arterial partial pressure of O2 (Pa(O2)) or in base excess during the experiment. Two horses developed ventricular fibrillation and died during normocapnic determinations of ADE. Hypercapnia was associated with an increased risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias in horses anesthetized with guaifenesin, thiamylal sodium, and halothane.

This study was designed to test analgesia, duration, and cardiovascular changes induced by meperidine (MEP) and oxymorphone (OXY) following methoxyflurane (MOF) and halothane (HAL) anesthesia. Eight healthy dogs were given atropine and acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with thiamylal and maintained with 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of MOF or HAL for 1 hour during controlled ventilation. Eight treatments were given with each anesthetic: 3 with MEP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, IV), 3 with oxymorphone (OXY; 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg, IV), and 2 placebos with sterile water. Test drugs were given at the end of anesthesia when early signs of recovery were evident. Minimal threshold stimulus/response nociception was assessed by use of an inflatable soft plastic colonic balloon. Blood pressures and pulse rate were measured with a noninvasive monitor. Meperidine and OXY were found to be effective analgesics and could be reversed with naloxone. Intravenous administration of 2.0 mg of MEP/kg provided analgesia for 36 +/- 6 minutes and 39 +/- 15 minutes after MOF and HAL, respectively. In contrast, OXY was effective at all 3 doses with effects of IV administration of 0.2 mg of OXY/kg lasting 154 +/- 13 minutes and 152 +/- 12 minutes, after MOF and HAL, respectively. Analgesia could not be demonstrated after anesthesia for acepromazine, MOF, or HAL. Blood pressure was not changed by either anesthetic nor was it influenced by MEP or OXY. Pulse rate was significantly depressed by the higher doses of OXY following HAL, but was not changed by MEP following either anesthetic. This study demonstrated the longer duration of analgesia of OXY. In addition, we could not find that analgesia was provided by either MOF or HAL following recovery from anesthesia.

The effect of 3 plasma concentrations of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in horses was evaluated. Five healthy geldings were anesthetized on 3 occasions, using halothane in oxygen administered through a mask. After induction of anesthesia, horses were instrumented for measurement of blood pressure, airway pressure, and end-tidal halothane concentrations. Blood samples, for measurement of pH and blood gas tensions, were taken from the facial artery. Positive pressure ventilation was begun, maintaining PaCO2 at 49.1 +/- 3.3 mm of Hg and airway pressure at 20 +/- 2 cm of H2O. The MAC was determined in triplicate, using a supramaximal electrical stimulus of the oral mucous membranes. Alfentanil infusion was then begun, using a computer-driven infusion pump to achieve and maintain 1 of 3 plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Starting at 30 minutes after the beginning of the infusion, MAC was redetermined in duplicate. Mean +/- SD measured plasma alfentanil concentration during the infusions were 94.8 +/- 29.0, 170.7 +/- 29.2 and 390.9 +/- 107.4 ng/ml. Significant changes in MAC were not observed for any concentration of alfentanil. Blood pressure was increased by infusion of alfentanil and was dose-related, but heart rate did not change. Pharmacokinetic variables of alfentanil were determined after its infusion and were not significantly different among the 3 doses.

Cardiovascular and at accompany markedly long periods (12 hours) of halothane anesthesia were characterized. Eight spontaneously breathing horses were studied while they were positioned in left lateral recumbency and anesthetized only with halothane in oxygen maintained at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.06% (equivalent to 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentration for horses). Results of circulatory and respiratory measurements during the first 5 hours of constant conditions were similar to those previously reported from this laboratory (ie, a time-related significant increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular work, PCV, plasma total solids concentration, and little change in respiratory system function). Beyond 5 hours of anesthesia, arterial blood pressure did not further increase, but remained above baseline. Cardiac output continued to increase, because heart rate significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Peak inspiratory gas flow increased significantly (P < 0.05) in later stages of anesthesia. There was a significant decrease in inspiratory time beginning at 4 hours. Although PaO2, and PaCO2, did not significantly change during the 12 hours of study, PVO2 increased significantly P < 0.05) and progressively with time, beginning 6 hours after the beginning of constant conditions. Metabolic acidosis increased with time significantly [P < 0.05] starting at 9 hours), despite supplemental IV administered NaHCO3. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids: 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha, a stable metabolite of PGI2), PGF2 alpha, PGE, and thromboxane (TxB2, a stable metabolite of TxA2) were measured in 5 of the 8 horses before and during anesthesia. Significant changes from preanesthetic values were not Significant changes from preanesthetic values were not detected. Dynamic thoracic wall and lung compliances decreased with time.

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, bem como sobre a recuperação em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia, e anestesiadas pelo halotano, isofluorano ou sevofluorano. Para tanto, utilizaram-se vinte e quatro cadelas sem raça definida, com peso médio de 15,03 e idade média de 3,93 anos, clinicamente saudáveis, avaliadas por meio de hemograma completo, contagem de plaquetas, bioquímica hepática e renal e teste de coagulação, sendo distribuídas em três grupos de oito animais. Todos os animais receberam acepromazina na dose de 0,1 mg/kg i.m., como pré-tratamento e após 15 minutos a anestesia foi induzida com propofol na dose de 5 mg/kg i.v.. Para a manutenção utilizou-se halotano (grupo GAH), isofluorano (GAI) ou sevofluorano (GAS). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação aos parâmetros cardiovasculares, observando redução discreta dos valores pressóricos após a indução, devido provavelmente a ação do propofol. A temperatura retal diminuiu gradativamente em função do tempo de anestesia, não apresentando diferença entre os grupos, porém GAI e GAS obtiveram valores inferiores dessa variável. Houve depressão respiratória nos três grupos, evidenciada pelo aumento da PaCO2 com consequente diminuição do pH arterial, porém sem diferença entre os grupos. O período obtido para extubação foi semelhante entre os grupos, no entanto, GAS apresentou menor tempo para posição quadrupedal comparado com GAH e GAI. A partir desses dados, conclui-se que diante dessa categoria animal e procedimento cirúrgico, o halotano, isofluorano e sevofluorano apresentaram características similares em relação aos parâmetros cardiovasculares, todos promoveram depressão respiratória e a recuperação foi mais rápida quando se optou pelo sevofluorano. | The cardiopulmonary effects and recovery times of halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane were compared in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-four mongrel dogs were assigned in three groups of eight animals, with medium weight 15.03 kg and 3.93 years of age, designed groups GAH, GAI and GAS. All dogs received acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) as premedication and after 15 minutes, anesthesia was induced with propofol (5.0 mg/kg, i.v.) and maintenance anesthetics were halothane (GAH), isoflurane (GAI) and sevoflurane (GAS). No statistic difference was observed in cardiovascular parameters, but the SAP, DAP and MAP decreased slighty in moment M1 and this effect was associated with propofol. The rectal temperature decreased in function of the time of anesthesia, without difference among groups, but the AI and AS groups presented the lowest values of this parameter. Respiratory rate decreased in all groups, with an increase in the PaCO2 and a decrease in the pH, without statistic differences. The extubation times were similar in the three groups. Time to standing was shorter in the AS group when compared with the GAH and GAI groups. On the basis of the results, for this animal category and surgical procedure halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane were similar in cardiovascular parameters. All agents caused respiratory depression and the recovery times were shorter in sevofluorano group.

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, bem como sobre a recuperação em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia, e anestesiadas pelo halotano, isofluorano ou sevofluorano. Para tanto, utilizaram-se vinte e quatro cadelas sem raça definida, com peso médio de 15,03 e idade média de 3,93 anos, clinicamente saudáveis, avaliadas por meio de hemograma completo, contagem de plaquetas, bioquímica hepática e renal e teste de coagulação, sendo distribuídas em três grupos de oito animais. Todos os animais receberam acepromazina na dose de 0,1 mg/kg i.m., como pré-tratamento e após 15 minutos a anestesia foi induzida com propofol na dose de 5 mg/kg i.v.. Para a manutenção utilizou-se halotano (grupo GAH), isofluorano (GAI) ou sevofluorano (GAS). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação aos parâmetros cardiovasculares, observando redução discreta dos valores pressóricos após a indução, devido provavelmente a ação do propofol. A temperatura retal diminuiu gradativamente em função do tempo de anestesia, não apresentando diferença entre os grupos, porém GAI e GAS obtiveram valores inferiores dessa variável. Houve depressão respiratória nos três grupos, evidenciada pelo aumento da PaCO2 com consequente diminuição do pH arterial, porém sem diferença entre os grupos. O período obtido para extubação foi semelhante entre os grupos, no entanto, GAS apresentou menor tempo para posição quadrupedal comparado com GAH e GAI. A partir desses dados, conclui-se que diante dessa categoria animal e procedimento cirúrgico, o halotano, isofluorano e sevofluorano apresentaram características similares em relação aos parâmetros cardiovasculares, todos promoveram depressão respiratória e a recuperação foi mais rápida quando se optou pelo sevofluorano.