Sunset Yellow FCF (SY), used frequently in ready-made foods, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry, may cause many health problems. This study is intended to evaluate the morphological and cellular effects of SY on the embryonic chicken immune system throughout incubation. Babcock white leghorn eggs were randomly divided into four groups. Besides a control group, there were three treatment groups which received a single injection of 200, 1,000, or 2,000 ng of SY into the air sac just before incubation. The eggs were opened on the 10ᵗʰ, 13ᵗʰ, 16ᵗʰ, and 21ˢᵗ days of incubation. Samples of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were taken from embryos. Serial sections of 5 μm thickness were stained with histological methods and routine histological procedures were performed. An increase in the spleen volume was determined as the hatching time of the chicks approached. The highest eosinophil ratio was found in the SY₁,₀₀₀ and SY₂,₀₀₀ groups (P < 0.05), where the most significant change was developmental retardation in the thymus. In the bursa of Fabricius, there was less lymphocyte accumulation and eosinophilic cell infiltration with increasing doses. It was concluded that in ovo administered SY has undesired effects on embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus, and on spleen volume.

Objective-To assess dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for evaluating effects of diet and environment on bone mineral density in Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni). Animals-26 Hermann's tortoises within 1 month after hatching. Procedures-Group 1 was housed in an artificial setting and fed naturally growing vegetation. Group 2 was housed in an artificial setting and fed vegetables grown for human consumption. Group 3 was maintained in an outside enclosure and fed naturally growing vegetation. After 10 months, pyramidal growth, body weight, and adverse conditions were assessed. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial and appendicular skeleton, shell, vertebral column, and pelvis was measured via DXA. Results-Group 2 had the highest mean +/- SD body weight (65.42 +/- 30.85 g), followed by group 1 (51.08 +/- 22.92 g) and group 3 (35.74 +/- 7.13 g). Mean BMD of the shell varied significantly among groups (group 1, 0.05 +/- 0.03 g/cm2•m; group 2, 0.09 +/- 0.15 g/cm2•m; and group 3, undetectable). The BMD of the axial and appendicular skeleton, vertebral column, and pelvis did not differ significantly among groups. Pyramidal growth was highest in group 1 and not evident in group 3. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Tortoises raised in artificial conditions did not have deficits in BMD, compared with results for outdoor-housed hibernating tortoises. Supplemental calcium was apparently not necessary when an adequate photothermal habitat and plant-based diet were provided. Higher BMD of captive-raised tortoises was morphologically associated with a higher incidence of pyramidal growth in captive-raised groups.

A mixed viral infection of Newcastle Disease (ND), Marek’s Disease (MD) and Avian Leukosis (AL) was reported in village chickens. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the F protein cleavage site of ND virus showed that the isolate was virulent with sequence KRRKR for the C-terminus of the F2 protein and phenylanine (F) at residue 117, the N-terminus of the F1 protein. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis showed the isolate was ND which was 96% similar identity with Indonesia Sukorejo genotype VII, MD 99% similar identity with China very virulent strain and ALV 100% similar identity with Taiwan ALV strain. Due to the free ranging type of management, causes of the diseases in the poultry were uncertain as many factors can contribute to the disease occurrence. However, good hygiene practices can help to improve the farm’s sanitary. Basic biosecurity system can be applied although the success may be limited. Vaccination is another alternative that can be considered to prevent the diseases with the help from certain parties.

Objective: The influence of the degree of pigmentation, shine, weight, and form index on the hatchability rate of quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was examined. Materials and Methods: Three thousand three hundred eggs were incubated after they were classified according to the degree of shell pigmentation: high (HP), medium (MP), and low (LP); shell shine: shiny (SS), and opaque; Egg weight: 13 gm; form index: 78%. The MannWhitney non-parametric test for independent samples was used to evaluate hatching data. Results: Hatchability was best in eggs with HP and SS (p &lt; 0.05): 69.2% and 75.7%, respectively; eggs with MP had the lowest hatchability rate (63.1%). The highest risk of embryo death (17.8%) was observed in eggs containing LP (p &lt; 0.05). Eggs weighing between 12 and 12.9 gm had the highest hatchability rate (p &lt; 0.05) (79.11%). Eggs with a form index &gt;78% had the highest hatch¬ability rate (p &lt; 0.05) (67.62%). Conclusions: HP, MP shell eggs, and SS eggs with a weight of between 12.0 and 12.9 gm and a shape index of greater than 78% have a higher hatchability rate. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(4.000): 629-634]